Group Dynamics: Groupthink Irving Janis
1.	Occurs only in highly cohesive groups (sense of solidarity).
2.	The core of groupthink is pressure to strive to agree. It leads to a failure of critical thinking.
3.	Major symptoms of groupthink
	a.	The illusion of invulnerability.
	b.	Shared stereotypes--"We" versus "They" feelings. "We" feeling is characteristic of cohesive groups.
	c.	Rationalization.
	d.	Illusion of morality--results from a failure to express doubts.
	e.	Self-censorship--group atmosphere discourages group criticism.
	f.	Illusion of unanimity.
	g.	Direct pressure applied to deviant member.
	h.	Mind-guarding--protection from disturbing ideas.
4.	Leadership to avoid groupthink in the Cuban Missile Crisis
	a.	Kennedy brought in experts from the outside.
	b.	Assigned the role of critical evaluation to each member.
	c.	Made it clear to all that all alternatives should be considered.
	d.	Avoided being a directed leader. He did no attend some meetings.