Rapoport, D. C. (1990). Sacred terror: A contemporary example from Islam. In W. Reich (Ed.) Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, states of mind. New York: Cambridge University Press, 103-130.
1.	Qur'an
	a.	A translation from the Qur'an
			O believers, shall I direct you to a commerce that shall deliver you from a painful chastisement?
			You shall believe in God and His Messenger, and struggle in the way of God with your possessions and your selves.
			This is better for you, did you but know.
			He will forgive you your sins and admit you into gardens underneath which rivers flow, and to dwelling-places in Gardens of Eden;
			That this is the mighty triumph;
			and other things you love, help from God and nigh victory.
			Give thou good tidings to the believers.
2.	"Like Islam, its fundamentalism has many forms" (New York Times, circa 1991)
	a.	The theme
			Not all Islamic revivalists are Islamic fundamentalists.
			Not all Islamic fundamentalists are political activists.
			Not all Islamic political activists are radical and prone to violence.
	b.	Appleby's six year study of fundamentalism.
			Hindu fundamentalists destroying a mosque.
			Palestinian fundamentalists deported by Israel
			Jewish fundamentalists challenging the same Israel government over peace talks.
			Christian fundamentalists mobilizing in American school-board elections.
	c.	Despite doctrinal differences there are "family resemblance's"
			--distinctly modern movement that arose as a reaction to modern secularization.
	d.	Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, with whom Mr. Salameh has been aligned, is a leading figure among those Muslim fundamentalists notable for having concluded that violence can legitimately be wielded against
		1,	Muslim regimes
		2.	non-Muslim enemies
	e.	What does "jihad" mean? It means struggle.
			spiritual struggle.
			personal struggle.
			collective struggle.
	f.	Islamic fundamentalists interpret "jihad" to mean violent warfare. Violent fundamentalism is "at odds" with the established clergy-dominated fundamentalism. Sheif Rahman's variety of fundamentalism was "not any more representative" of Islam than the people in Waco were representative of mainline Christianity.
3.	The problem (Rapoport's chapter continued).
	a.	Sacred terror.
		1.	Rapoport examines sacred terror employed by Muslims against members of the community, usually other Muslims. Until the last decade, most people did not believe that anybody nowadays kills for religious purposes. "A most arresting and unexpected development in recent years has been the revival of terrorist activities to support religious purposes or terror justified in theological terms." A phenomena that might be called "holy" or "sacred" terror. It is most striking in Islam, both Shia and Sunni.
		2.	In India, Sikh terrorists have been trying to create an independent state. .
		3.	In Israel, Jewish messianists organized the "Temple Mount Plot," a conspiracy to blow up Muslim sacred shrines build on the remains of the Second Temple, Judiasm's holiest site. The hope was then, at last, the Third Temple could be built, and event that would precipitate the coming of the Messiah.
		4.	Even in the United States, in the 1980s, there have been elements of holy terror, abortion clinic bombers. The killing of doctor David Gunn, the abortion clinic doctor in Pensacola, Florida
		5.	The Branch Davidians, David Koresh, in Waco. There were indications in November 1987 when seven of his followers dressed in camouflage uniforms and combat boots with charcoal smeared under their eyes and armed with shotguns and military style rifles exchange gunfire with George Roden, the cult leader, and left Koresh in control.
	b.	This essay Rapoport was first to distinguish characteristics of holy terror from those of political or secular terror.
4.	For purposes of illustrating holy terror, Rapoport focused on one group: Al-Jihad, the Islamic Group of Egypt. It's most spectacular feat before the present terrorism was the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981.
	a.	The Neglected Duty
		1.	Abd Al-Salam Faraj, the groups leader, wrote a translated pamphlet, The Neglected Duty which explains the group's justification and the group's "constitution. The pamphlet had a remarkable effect on the religious establishment and on Egyptian society as a whole. At a time when only a few underground copies were available, the grand mufti (professional jurist who interprets Muslim law) of Egypt published a point-by-point refutation. His refutation made it necessary for the mysterious work to be published so the military court and public could understand the controversy.
		2.	Charles Adams, a prominent authority on Islam, describes its importance. It presents the radical view in a forceful and vividly clear way. It presents a discussion between the radical and other elements of the Egyptian Muslim community. Adams believes this document is a key to understanding Islamic radicalism.
5.	Rapoport's thesis: The principal difference in means between sacred and secular terror, derives from the special justifications and precedents each uses.
	a.	The second paragraph of The Neglected Duty reads: "The most reliable speech is the Book of God and the best guidance is the guidance of Mohammed, may God's peace be upon him. The worst of things are novelties and every innovation is deviation and all deviation is in Hell."
	b.	Justifications are Faraj's preoccupation. Justifications are drawn from Islam's founding period and from commentaries of religious sages. Faraj establishes proof by finding appropriate authority in the Qur'an and hadith (traditional sayings that present examples from Mohammed's life).
	c.	The ultimate object of Al-Jihad is a world governed by the shar'ia. Early Islam under Mohammed and his first three successors (7th century C.A.) is the model. What structures does this aspiration entail? Egypt's chief justice says that no one today knows how that model worked. The second article of the 1971 Egyptian constitution pledges in due course the shar'ia will be Egypt's law.
	d.	The major justification for Sadat's assassination was that Anwar Sadat didn't make good on this promise. The title, The Neglected Duty, means that Islam's decline and despair is because of the failure to engage in the jihad.
	e.	Faraj believes that Mohammed's life establishes beyond a doubt that jihad does not mean spiritual struggle. Jihad means "fighting, which means confrontation and blood." The Qur'an 9:5 is quoted: "Slay the polytheists wherever ye find them, seize them, beset them, lie in ambush for them everywhere." Qur'an 2:216: "Fighting is prescribed for you." Qur'an 9:14: Fight them and God will punish them at your hands, will humiliate them and aid you against them and bring healing to the breasts of people who are believers."
	g.	The classical Sunni view is that Islam must embrace the whole world, before the jihad would no longer be needed. But the more recent Sunni view is that the jihad was designed to defend Islam from direct assault. Faraj studied only the founding period. He concludes that all a believer with a few resources needs is intelligence and deceit (which is victory with the fewest losses and by the easiest means.
6.	Assassination of Anwar Sadat
	a.	Anyone who had read The Neglected Duty may have anticipated the assassination of Anwar Sadat. The assassination occurred when Anwar Sadat was reviewing his troops, celebrating the anniversary of his greatest triumph. The crossing of the Suez Canal in the October 1973 war against Israel. The ceremony was televised in Egypt. The chief assassin was a military officer in the parade. Could there have been a more humiliating event? Recall that the Qur'an 9:14 states "Fight them and God will punish them at your hands, will humiliate them and aid you against them and bring healing to the breasts of people who are believers.
	b.	Onlookers at the trial of the assassins were convinced that the assassins believed they had earned the martyr's right to paradise. Their demeanor reflected "a sense of happiness, pride, and displayed a jovial mood before the zero hour. One wrote to his wife asking her to pay all his debts, "because paradise was forbidden for those who re indebted."
7.	Islamic Jihad, forged in Egypt, is seen as bin Laden's backbone (New York Times, October 4, 2001, B4).
			"It was a marksman's equivalent of threading a needle on the run.
			"Sgt. Hussein Abbas, believed to have sunk the first, fatal bullet into Anwar el-Sadat, told interrogators that he was able to shoot through the neck because the Egyptian president had stretched his head backward to view some of the fighter jets flying overhead.
			"With that assassination, 20 years ago this week, Egyptian Islamic Jihad announced its existence to the world. Pushed since then largely into exile, its leadership now forms the backbone for Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan, terrorism experts have said. It is believed to provide him with his two top lieutenants, another 200 loyal followers and its focus on training and specialized skills, notable elements in the September 11 attacks.
			"Both Ayman al-Zawahiri, a surgeon, and Muhammad Atif, a military strategist, are leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and said to be Mr. bin Laden's likeliest successors.
			"Experts believe that Islamic Jihad recruited only some 300 hard core members in Egypt, carefully selecting alienated people with skills like forgery, military planning or marksmanship who would be useful in armed operations.
			"While Egyptian officials say they have no evidence linking Islamic Jihad to Mohamed Atta, the apparent mastermind of the terrorist assault on the New York and Washington, he fits the group's description with his training in urban planning and aviation and his Muslim militancy.
			"Experts say that while the September attacks are the work of Al Qaeda, they very much reflect the style that Islamic Jihad--one of the three terrorist groups singled out by President Bush in his address to Congress two weeks ago--brought to Mr. bin Laden's group.
			"The targets were bold, disregard for human life callous, and the assault carried out by calculating men who presented a benign face to the world.
			"'They kill indiscriminately' said Hisham Kassem, the publisher of The Cairo Times, who became familiar with the Islamic movements through his work as a human rights activist. 'It doesn't matter if there are Muslims inside the World Trade Center, because they are in heaven before the towers hit the floor. The rest? No problem. They were infidels, anyway.'
			"Now that they operate almost exclusively outside Egypt, Islamic Jihad's members have been forced to shift its focus from a coup d'etat in Cairo to targets abroad. And they have gradually trained their sights on the United States.
			"They are suspected of orchestrating the bombing of the United States Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 a part of Al Qaeda. That prompted a worldwide crackdown that apprehended a cell planning a similar attack in Albania. Egypt put 107 members on trial, including 62 in abstentia and 13 members extradited from the Balkans.
			"Experts also say a note of desperation has entered their activities in recent years because the activists have failed to create an Islamic state, despite movements across the world.
			"'It is partly directed at the movements themselves,' said Yahya Sadowski, a political science professor at The American University of Beirut, speaking of the September attacks. 'It is a way of telling them 'We are still moving, still breathing, we still matter.''"
			"Islamic Jihad's ideology vilifies Washington for bolstering the 20-year government of Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak, which they view as corrupt, for supporting Israel against the Palestinians and for hounding the Islamic mujahedeen fighters from one country to the next.
			"While the group's official goal remains the creation of an Islamic state, Islamic Jihad members view their work as an almost apocalyptic struggle of Islam against the West.
			"'They decided that the liberation of Jerusalem starts from Washington,' said Mohammed Salah, a journalist who has covered the group for a decade for the Arab daily Al Hayat.
			"Initially decimated in the wake of the Sadat assassination, Islamic Jihad was fortified in the early 1990's by veterans of the war in Afghanistan. One group went on trial for reorganizing the movement in 1992, and soon afterwards it hurled itself with renewed furry at the Egyptian government. An Afghan veteran turned suicide bomber attempted to assassinate the Egyptian interior minister in August 1993 and then a car bomb failed to kill the prime minister in November.
			"In 1995 the group crashed a truck bomb into the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan, killing 15. The following year, a plot to set off a deadly explosion in Cairo's labyrinthine bazaars was thwarted.
			"The toll in Egypt mounted throughout the decade, with 1,200 police officers and Islamic militants killed , although the number of Islamic Jihad members killed is put around 25. Some 16,000 people with suspected links to Islamic movements remain jailed, according to human rights organizations.
			"By the end of the decade, Dr. al-Zawahiri, the surgeon who had become the group's leader, began forging an alliance with Mr. bin Laden. In February 1998, he signed the declaration announcing The Islamic Front for Fighting Crusaders and Jews. Its goals including attacking American military and civilian targets.
			"The move caused a split within Egyptian Islamic Jihad, experts say, with a splinter faction criticizing Dr. Zawahiri for shifting the focus away from Egypt. But 200 hard-core Islamic Jihad members went with him and now form the core of Mr. bin Laden's leadership circle.
			"Whether the movement has any future within Egypt is a matter of debate. Some experts note that such movements can always rise again unless the root problems that inspire them are resolved.
			"'As a group, Jihad activities have receded in Egypt," said Col. Fouad Allam, a former deputy director of the state security department for terrorism. 'But the ideology remains and was not confronted properly. It's like a tree, when you cut only the branches but leave the roots. With a little water and fertilizer, the branches will grow again."