William Bajjali

Concordia University
School for Building (Civil Engineering Program)
1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8

Geographic Information System Workshop

Using
PCI - SPANS 7.0

(29 and 30 of October, 1998)

GIS Applications in
Environmental Engineering and Water Resources
Case Studies from

Canada, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman

By
William Bajjali, Ph.D

Table of Content

I Introduction 4
II Lesson 1 Introduction to SPANS 6
II-1 Working with Yarmouk Basin 6
II-1.1 Create Map
II-2.1 Add Annotation (Legends, Scale Bar, and North Arrow). 7
II-3 Saving the Yarmouk Map as a Slide 7
II-4 Print the Yarmouk Map 8
III Lesson 2 Create geology of Dhuleil area, Jordan 9
III-1 Create a Study Area 9
III-2 Import the vector of Dhuleil Area into SPANS GIS 10
III-3 Setting the Extents of Dhuleil Area 10
III-4 Transform the Vector Line of Dhuleil to an Area 11
III-5 Transform the Vector Area of Dhuleil to a Quadtree 11
III-6 Data Analysis 12
III-6.1 Analysis/Point Inside 12
III-6.2 Append/Attribute 12
III-7 Create a Basemap for the Study Area Dhuleil 13
III-8 Create Point Layer “Treatment Plant” 15
III-9 Charting the Data of Al Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant 17
IV Lesson 3 Salt Intrusion along the Coast of Bahrain Island 18
IV-1 Import Autocad Format into GIS SPANS Format 18
IV-2 Editing the Bahrain Vector Data 19
IV-2.1 Delete the Duplicate line in Bahrain Vector 20
IV-2.2 Snapping Dangling Line in Bahrain vector 20
IV-3 Transform the line boundary of Bahrain to an Area 21
IV-4 Transform the Area of Bahrain to a Quadtree 22
IV-5 Integrate the groundwater Chemical Database into SPANS 22
IV-6 Classify the salinity of the Groundwater in Bahrain 25
V Lesson 4 Water Resources Presentation in Oman 26
V-1 Import Shapefile (ArcView) of Oman and Establish the Projection for it 26
V-2 Set the Extend Area of Oman 28
V-3 Environmental Project Presentation by Append Images from Oman 30
VI Lesson 5 Groundwater Contamination with TCE and PCE throughout

Canada and Alberta. 32

VI-1 Create a New Vector Layer for Alberta, Canada 32

VI-2 Create a New View Window for Alberta 33

VI-3 Import Groundwater Chemical Database into SPANS 33

VI-4 Append the TCE/PCE Point Data to Alberta Province 34

VI-4.1 First Step: Append 35
VI-4.2 Second Step: Query 36
VI-5 Classify the TCE/PCE values in Groundwater for Drinking Purposes 36
VI-6 Number of Municipalities Inside the 4 Buffer Zones 38
VI-7 Number of Municipalities Inside Each Buffer Zone 40
VII Lesson 6 Groundwater Investigation in Jordan 42
VII-1 Append Point Database Format to an Area layer 42
VII-2 Classify the Geology map of Jordan into an Aquifer Map 43
VII-3 Create Hydrogeological Map for Drilling Groundwater wells in Jordan 44 VII-4 Customize the Aquifer Map of Jordan 45 VIII Lesson 7 Multi-Criteria Model Approach to Study Groundwater in Amman Zarqa area 47
VIII-1 Transform the Area Layer of Amman into a Geological Map 47
VIII-2 Create Basemap from the Geological Map of Amman 48
VIII-3 Reclassify the Geology Map of Amman 49
VIII-4 Integrate the Groundwater Wells into SPANS 49
VIII-5 Potential Mapping 50
VIII-6 Create Potential Map for TDS 50
VIII-7 Create Potential Maps for NO3- and Tritium 52
VIII-8 Multi-Criteria Modeling 52
VIII-9 Analyzing the Results of the Output Map by Querying 56
VIII-10 Creating Area Analysis for the Output Map 57
VIII-11 Creating an Area Cross -Tabulation Report 58
VIII-12 Calculate Number of Groundwater wells in Each Zone of the Output Map 60
VIII-13 Building SPANS Script 60
IX Lesson 8 Groundwater Contamination along Amman-Zarqa Aquifer 62
IX-1 Fuzzy Logic Model
62IX-2 Assign a Fuzzy membership for Each Class of the TDS, NO3, and Tritium 63IX-3 Converting the ASCII Table Data to a Binary SPANS Table 64
IX-4 Combining The TDS, NO3, and Tritium Maps Using Fuzzy Logic Model 64

I Introduction:

Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer package to manipulating spatial data. GIS is a powerful analytical, management, and modeling tool to provide decision makers everywhere with a comprehensive and inexpensive means of integrating geographic data into their operations. The GIS can be described as an organized collection of computer hardware, software, georeferenced data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. The GIS currently is used in all fields, in resource management, land-use planning, transportation, marketing, and in many applications in geosciences and elsewhere.

SPANS GIS is a software program, developed by PCI, Canada. SPANS is a comprehensive, geographical analysis software that offer powerful analytical functionality with the ease of desktop mapping. It is unique hybrid raster/vector solution allowing you to query, create, analyze, model, import and export all major geographic data types.

SPANS features are fully menu-driven integrated environment. Even an inexperienced user will find it easy to perform any functionality.

The training will focus on how to use the SPANS GIS in environmental science mainly groundwater, geology, engineering, water quality, geography, and other discipline. The course contains real data set from Jordan, Bahrain, Oman, and Canada.

The purpose of this training is to provide instruction in the use of the SPANS GIS and its application to hydrology and water resources problems. All the data files required for the training is available on the directory C:\bajjali\gis-tng.

Some of the lessons are part of the author work and some of them have already published and presented at various international conferences.

The training course consists of 8 lessons were the trainees will be familiar with the functionality of the SPANS package and how to implement it in their environmental studies.

Lesson 1 is designed to introduce the trainees with the main functionality of SPANS. It also shows how to build a map composition.

Lesson 2 includes data from Dhuleil area, Jordan. The trainees will learn how to create a study area, setting an extent, use the local projection, transform line to area, area to quadtree, creating basemap, create a point layer, charting the data and data analysis. This data is part of the author work at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan.

Lesson 3 includes data from Bahrain. The data is in AutoCAD and dBase formatting. They consist of two DXF vector lines and one dbf point layer. You will learn how to transform the DXF format into SPANS format and also repair the digitizing vector error, integrate the dbf point file into SPANS and classify the chemical data of the groundwater. This data is part of Dr. Al Zubari’s work at the Arabian Gulf University

Lesson 4 includes Shapefile (ArcView) data format from Sultanate of Oman. You will learn how to import the Shapefile into SPANS, establish the study area using UTM projection. Data presentation by appends images taken from projects carried out by the Ministry of Water Resources in Oman.

Lesson 5 includes groundwater contaminant TCE/PCE data from Canada and mainly the province of Alberta. The trainees will learn how to create a new vector line, view window, import the groundwater database into SPANS, Append the TCE/PCE point data into Alberta province. You will also classify the TCE/PCE in groundwater based on their values for drinking purposes, buffer the contaminated sites and calculate the population with the zone of influence of the groundwater contamination. The data is part of the author work for Health Canada.

Lesson 6 includes data from Jordan. You will learn how to append geological data point to an area layer of the whole country. Build a hydrogeological map from an existing geological map. The data is part of the author work at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan.

Lesson 7 and 8 include data from Amman Zarqa Jordan. The trainees will learn how to create a potential map for the groundwater chemistry. Data design to combine several maps using the Multi-Criteria Model in order to find the best location for drinking groundwater. Data analysis by querying the output map. Creating a statistical report using the area cross-tabulation. Using the Fuzzy Logic Model to determine the vulnerability of the Amman - Zarqa aquifer for contamination. The data is part of the author work at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan.

II Lesson 1
Introduction to SPANS

This lesson will allow you to be acquainted quickly with the SPANS package and its functionality. You will learn about:

1. The Spans Primary Window

2. The SPANS Menu

3. The SPANS Toolbar

4. System Setting.

It will familiarize you with basic terminology and functionality of SPANS. It will acquaint you with

1. Study Area

2. View Window

3. Map composition

4. Data layer

5. Query information on the data layer

II-1 Working with Yarmouk Basin

II-1.1 Create the map of Yarmouk Basin.

The Yarmouk Basin should consist of the following: Quadtree, Line, and Point

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Quadtree geology

Click OK

Edit/Quadtree Flowline

Click OK

Edit/Line ypwater

Click OK

Edit/Point giswell

Click OK

Edit/Point ypcities

Click OK

Click Display

Edit/Map/Reorder

Double Click on flowline, geology, ypwater, giswell, and ypcities

This step is important if you want to organize your layer. The display of the map layer is important. It is recommended that the area, raster or quadtree layers display first. Then add the lines and points over top so that they remain visible.

Click OK

Click Display

II-2.1 Add Annotation

Annotations are text and graphic elements which help viewers interpret the information appearing on a map. To annotate the map which he have already created add the following item:

1. Legend

2. Scale Bar

3. North Arrow

Click Annotation/Add a Legend Add all the legends

A legend explains what the color, patterns, line types and symbology on the map signify. When you use Edit/Map function to define each layer which makes up your map or to view a raster or quadtree with an associated legend, you define the legend at the same time. In this example you try to put the legend and change the title of it.

Click Annotation/Add a scale Bar

There are three styles you could choose for your map. Try to choose one of the styles you think it is appropriate for Yarmouk map.

Click Annotation/Add a North Narrow

There are more than one North Arrow symbol available in Spans. In addition to that you could create your own symbol.

Add Text and Call it Yarmouk Basin

II-3 Saving the Yarmouk Map as a Slide

When creating a slide, you may wish to work with a full size Graphic or chart window for optimal display. SPANS save the slide in either PCX (Recommended) or CUT. You could choose one of them if you access Tools/System Setting function.

SPANS aloows you to create up to ten on-screen slide shows by selecting the slides for the show and ordering the slides within the show. When a slide is saved, it is automatically assigned a sequence number of 0 and it can then be placed in any or all of the ten slide shows.

File/Save/Slide

Slide: Yarmouk

Description: Yarmouk Basin

II-4 Print the Yarmouk Map

You can print the map composition displayed in the currently active Graphic window directly to the printer or plotter device. Printing directly to the printer does not create a print file. The following print file format available in windows platform: metafile (wmf), enhanced metafile (emf), and PostScript (ps).

To create a printable file

File/Print

Highlight the Output Scale 1: 500000

Print to File yarmouk wmf

Click OK

To print yarmouk.wmf

File/Print File

Select yarmouk

Click OK

III Lesson 2

Create the geology of the Dhuleil Area

Scenario: You are working for the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan. You have assigned as hydrogeologist to create the geology area of Dhuleil in SPANS GIS and integrated all the chemical database of the groundwater, Al-Samra Treatment Plant, and Dhuleil Dam. You have given three files, the first two is vector files and the third is chemical data in lotus format.

III-1 Create a new Study Area

1. Open SPANS

2. File/New/Study Area

3. The Create Study Area dialog box appears

· Directory of New Study Area: C:\GIS-TNG\Dhuleil

· Title of New Study Area: Dhuleil

· Data Base Type: SPANS Database

4. Click Ok

5. The Select Projection dialog box appears

UTM (Universe Transverse Mercator)

The Dialog Box with the data of the UTM will display

Ellipsoid 5, zone 36 (Jordan is between 30E-36E), Hemisphere N

Click Ok

III-2 Import the Vector of Dhuleil into SPANS GIS
The two available files are Dhuleil, and Dhu_wadi and they are digitized in SPANS GIS. (7 extension exists for each file and they are .crd, .fmt, .dir, .hst, .oft, .vec, .veh).

These two files should be imported into SPANS

7. File/Import/Spans Vectors…

Vector File: duleil .Vec/.Veh

Projection: UTM (ellipsoid 5, zone 36, N)

Import Options: Arcs

Output Files: dhuleil

Click Ok

The imported vector is displayed but not fully, the reason is we need to set the extend of the study area.

If we open the Dhuleil Directory we will find 8 files created: curparam, sp, sp.dbd, sp.key, spans, spans.dbd, spans.key, spans_tr, spans_tr.key, and sysdef. The first file curparam contains information about the projection of the study area.

III-3 Setting the Extents of Dhuleil Area

The extent is the physical limits of the region we want to include in our study area. The extent can be changed immediately after creating a new study area and it is recommended that extent should be changed only once.

8. Tools/Extents From Two Points/

9. “The extents have already been set. Do you wish to rest them? Answer “Yes”

10. Change the second point 36.00000 E (Longitude) and 32.30000 N (Latitude)

11. Click OK

12. Reposition the frame using the keyboard to accommodate the study area

13. Click OK

14. Repeat step 7above and click OK (to accommodate the study area in the new extent).

15. The new and full vector is displayed.

16. Repeat step 7 but now import the vector Dhu_wadi

The last step is to import the point file containing the chemical data. The file saved as lotus format (chemist.wk1).

Note: The Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet must contain two range names before the data can be imported into SPANS. One range is the title (text) and the second range is the data.

17. File/Import/ Lotus 1-2-3

18. Highlight CHEMIST.wk1 and click Open

19. New Point dataset; Chemist

Coordinate Type: Longitude/Latitude

Field Name range: Title

Data Range: Data

Field for Longitude: lon

Field for Latitude: lat

Field to Import: Import all the fields (lon, lat,…)

20. Click OK

III-4 Transform the vector of Dhuleil to an Area
The reason why we want to transform “Dhuleil vector from line to an area is because we want to create area topology.

File/Close/Map (to clear the screen)

File/ open/layer/line/dhuleil and Click Ok

You find that the “Dhuleil” vector Line attribute table contains the following columns:

In order to transform the line to an area close the attribute table.

Tools/Transform/Lines to Areas…

Vector Layer: dhuleil

New Vector Layer: dhuleil

Report File: duleil.rep (ASCII report file is created and if error were encountered during the transformation, this report is displayed on the screen using the system text editor.

File/Open/Layer/Area/ Highlight the dhuleil and click OK

The area dhuleil vector contains the following columns:

III-5 Transform the Area of Dhuleil to a Quadtree
What is Quadtree? Is a data structure for thematic information in a raster (A regular grid of cells covering an area) database that seeks to minimize data storage. This process is referred to as enquadding.

This step is also can be used to create a base map. Before proceeding we have to do the following:

III-6 Data Analysis

III-6.1 Analysis/Point Inside

This step is to append the point vector dhuleil1 to the area vector dhuleil.

File/open/layer/point dhuleil1 and click OK

Double click on the column attr5

The Edit column dialogue box appears

Change the name from “attr5” to “geology” and then click OK

Analysis/Point Inside

Layer: dhuleil (Area Layer)

Point Layer: dhuleil1 (point layer produced when the line “duleil” transformed to an area “dhuleil”)

Click OK

The point layer dhuleil has new column called dhuleil.

III-6.2 Append/Attribute
This step is important in order to add column from point layer to an Area Layer.

File/export/attributes

Export type: dBase

New Export File: dhuleil1.dbf

Click OK

File/Save/ Layer

Close the layer

Edit/append attributes/dBase III + IV…

Highlight dhuleil.dbf and click OK

DBase File: dhuleil1.dbf

Layer: dhuleil (this is an area Layer)

Index Field in layer: entity

Index Field for dBase File: DHULEIL (this column is addend to the point table)

Field to Import: GEOLOGY

File/Open/Layer/Area highlight dhuleil and click OK

The attribute table of the area layer dhuleil has a new column called geology.

This column is very important in order to classify the geology of the study area.

File/close/layer

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Area/

Layer dhuleil

Attribute Geology

Layer Representation: Nominal

Click OK

Choose color then click OK

Click Display

Tools/Transform/Areas to Quadtrees…

Highlight Area: dhuleil geology Nominal

Quad level: 10

New map: dhuleil

Click OK

A map displays with two classes (Colors). The first class represent the limestone and the second class represent the basalt.

III-7 Create a Basemap for the study area

A basemap is used with quadtree data to limit the processing of information to a specified area of interest. This allow you to view or analyze the interested areas independently from other areas by including excluding data from the surrounding area. A SPANS basemap is a binary quadtree that consists of only classes 0 and 1. Class 1 is the data included in the study and class o is data excluded from the processing.

Query/Raster/ Quadtree…

Layers: dhuleil.map QUADTREE dhuleil

Basalt class 1

Limestone class 2

Outside the study area class 0

Now we have to creat the basemap, which will consist only of one class and assign it to the study area. The basemap consists only of one class.

Edit/Quadtree/Reclassify…

Quadtree: dhuleil

Reclassification Scheme: Interactively

Reclassification Template: latest

Quad level: 10

New Quadtree: basemap

Reclassification Ranges

Low Value High Value New Value

1 2 1 Add

Click Ok

Click Ok once again to perform the classification

Edit/Map/New/Quadtree basemaop

Click Ok

Click Display

Tool/Study Area Status

Basemap: basemap

Click OK

Now we have assigned the basemap to our study area. The next step is to reclassify the geology map into two classes. Class contains the limestone outcropping formation and the rest to basalt formation. Because the map contains two formations: limestone and basalt the map doesn’t need further classification.

Draw the Geological Map of Dhuleil Area, the Main Wadies and the Wells

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Quadtree dhuleil

Click OK and give it two different colors (green and yellow) and click OK

Edit/Line/ dhu_wadi

Click OK and give it blue color and click OK

Edit/Point chemist

Click ok give it black color and click ok

Click Display

III-8 Create the Point Layer “Treatment Plant”

The treatment plant can be assigned as point in the study area. To create such a map we have to know the coordinate of the treatment Plant.

File/New/Layer/Point TP

Title: Treatment Plant

Click OK

Edit/Point/New Point

As you move the pointer in the graphic window, the coordinate of the pointer location are displayed in the title bar. At the location of 36o 09’ 10” (Long) 32o 07’ 16” (Lat), click the mouse button. A new point is digitized at that location and a new record containing the geographic coordinate of the point is added.

Edit/Column/Add

Column Name: Name

Column Description: Samra Treatment Plant

Data Type: Character

Length: 8

Justification: Left

Display Width: 8

File/Save/Layer

Repeat the above steps and create the Khalidieh Dam which has the following coordinates 36o 20’ 00” (Long) 32o 09’ 14” (Lat),

Display the Geology of Dhuleil

III-9 Charting the data of Al Samra WastewaterTreatment Plant

Al Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWTP) is the biggest plant in Jordan. The quality and quantity of the effluent from the plant have been monitored for number of years. We are interested in charting some parameters such as the BOD and COD in order to find out if there is a tendency of increasing the organic load with time.

Before Proceeding we have to import the STP file, which is dBase format into SPANS GIS.

File/Import/ dBase III + IV…

Highlight STP.dbf and click Open

New Point dataset; STP

Coordinate Type: Longitude/Latitude

Field for Longitude: LON

Field for Latitude: LAT

Field to Import: Import all the fields (lon, lat,…)

Click OK

File/Open/Layer/Point/STP

Click OK

The View/Chart Window allows you to turn on and off the Chart window.

Double click on the header of cod, bod, nh4, and change them to COD, BOD, and NH4 respectively.

Highlight the column COD, BOD, and NH4 by clicking in the column header for each of the columns. As you click each header, the column is highlighted and the data is dynamically charted in the chart window.

Double Click inside the Chart window or Edit/Chart/Styles.

The Chart Option dialogue box appears

Click Text Format and change the font to “Time New Roman” Pixel Size, 12, Click OK

Sort Type: None

Scale Type: Standard

Show Options: Select X Axis, Column Names, Y Axis, Horizontal Grid, Legend.

Click Design to change the color and pattern for each attribute on the chart. Change the Pattern and Color and Click OK

Single click the legend

Use the UP, DOWN, LEFT, and Right ARROW keys on the keyboard to resize the legend.

Position the pointer on the legend. Press and hold down the primary mouse button and drag the legend to the desired location.

Double Click on the Legend to change the Font.

IV Lesson 3

Salt Intrusion along the Coast of Bahrain Island

Scenario: The subject of your thesis is groundwater salinity along the coast of Bahrain island at the Arabian Gulf University (AGU). Dr. Al-Zubari is your adviser and he gave you three files, the first and second is in DXF format and they represent the vector of the country and the main road. The third file in surfer format and contains the groundwater quality in the main island of Bahrain.

Starting a Spans

File/Open/ study area C:\bajjali\Bahrain

If you Edit/Map you will find that the study area is empty. The reason is that the files in the study area in Data Exchange File (DXF) format.

The only file available: [Bcoast.dxf, Broad.dxf, zubari.dbf, sp.dat, sp.dbd, sp.key, spans.dat, spans.dbd, spans.key, spans_tr.dat, spans_tr.key, and sysdef.dat]

In this case we have to Translate the Vector Files from DXF Format to (.Vec/.Veh SPANS Format).

IV-1 Import Autocad Vector Format into SPANS GIS Format
To do that we have to access the Vector Translator by

Start/Programs/Spans/Vector Translator

From the Spans Vector Translator

Import/DXF C:\GIS-TNG\Tydac\Bahrain

Highlight the Bcoast.dxf and Click Open

Answer Ok when a message will display that there are no points found. The reason is because the translated file is a line and not a point.

Repeat the previous step and import the Broads.dxf

If you open the directory of the study area you will find Four new files (Bcoast.vec &

Bcoast.veh, Broads.vec, and Broads.veh)

The next step is to

Import the .Vec/.Veh format into GIS SPANS.

File/Import/Spans Vectors..

Vector File: bcoast (.veh/.vec)

Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (Zone, 39, Ellipsoid 5)

Import Options: Arcs (the original file is an arc, in another way line)

Output Files: bcoast (.top/.vtx)

Click Ok

Import the file once again and call it Bahrain.
IV-2 Editing the Bahrain Vector Data

Repair the Vector Line bcoast (.veh/.vec)

In order to perform this step we have to check the following points:

1. Duplicate Line and if they exist remove them (Duplicate line can result from a digitizing error) In order to check this point the layer line must be open.

2. Snapping Dangling Lines (close the line). In Spans, a dangle is a node (vertex), which begins or ends a line and which is not the intersection of any lines.

IV-2.1 Delete the Duplicate Line in Bahrain Vector
File/Open/Layer/Line/ highlight bcoast

Click Ok

Edit/Line/Show Duplicate Lines (7 lines are highlighted in the graphic and data windows, Record 8 to 14)

Edit/Data/Delete Line(s) Answer “Yes” to the question, which displays. The lines now deleted (record 8 to 14)

File/Layer/Save
Repeat this step and delete the duplicate lines in the broad vector line.

IV-2.2 Snapping Dangling Lines in Bahrain Vector

Being able to locate dangles can be useful in repairing your line data or in correcting digitizing error. When a dangle is located, the decision can then be made to delete the dangling line or to eliminate the dangle by snapping to another line.

Edit/Line/Show Dangling Lines The result is that all the dangles are marked in the graphic and data windows (the data layer should be open).

The next step is to join or snap the beginning or end node of a dangling line to the nearest vertex or node of another line (The data layer must be closed).

Edit/Line/Snap Dangling Lines

Vector Layer: bcoast

Tolerance: 2000 (meters, depend on the unit Tool/System Setting)

File/Open/Layer bcoast

Highlight Records 2, 5, 6, 7

Edit/Line/Delete Lines Answer “Yes”

File/Save/Layer

File/Close/Map

Edit/Map/Edit/Line bcoast

Click Ok

Click Display The result is the main island of Bahrain

IV-3 Transform the line boundary of Bahrain to an Area

This step is to transform the bcoast line to an area layer by adding the correct topology to the line layer.

The attribute table line layer contains the following columns”

Tools/transform/Lines to Areas

Vector Layer: bcoast

New Vector Layer: bcoast

Report File: bcoast (ASCII report is produced)

Click OK

File/Open/Layer/Area bcoast

Click OK

The area layer comprises of the following columns”

The bcoast.rep contains the following information

START POLIG (bcoast)

10 nodes made

0 dangles detected

Assigning classes to areas based on arc links

polygons assembled:

4 bounded connected area polygons

1 network envelope polygons

END POLIG(bcoast)

IV-4 Transforming the Area of Bahrain to a Quadtree map
This process is referred to as enquadding. The area layer must be available as a layer in a map composition before it can be transformed to a quadtree.

Edit/Map/Edit/Area bcoast

Click Ok

Click Display

Tools/Transform/Areas to Quadtree

From the Areas to Quadtree dialogue box choose

Bcoast the area layer

Quad level: 10

New map: bcoast

The result is the bcoast quadtree map of the main island of Bahrain.

IV-5 Integrate the Groundwater Chemical Database into SPANS.

The database of the major cations and anions of the groundwater is saved as database format.

File/import/dbase III + /IV Zubari.dbf

Highlight Zubari.dbf

Click Open

DBase File: zubari.dbf

New Point Datase: chemical

Coordinate Type: Longitude/Latitude

Field for longitude: LONG

Field for Latitude: LAT

Fields to Import: Highlight all the columns

Click OK

File/Map/Close

Edit/Map/New/Area/ bcoast

Edit/Map/New/point/ chemical

If you notice that some groundwater well data is outside the main Island of Bahrain, we should eliminate them.

File/Open/Layer/Point chemical

Click OK

Highlight the data that is located outside the study area 5 points

Edit/Point/Delete Point(s)

Delete Selected Points Yes

File/Save/Layer

Close the data layer point and the map.

If you edit the line layer and the point layer you will notice that the 5 points have disappeared.

IV-6 Classify the Salinity of the Groundwater in Bahrain
The classification is an important step in order to display the chemistry of groundwater in order to identify the best location for artificial recharge

The salinity of the groundwater is represented by the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS).

Edit/Map/New/Area/ bcoast

Edit/Map/New/point/ chemical

File/Open/Layer/Point chemical

Click OK

Tools/System Setting/

When the System Preference dialogue box appears

Click Min, Max, and Std dev

Click OK

Query/Select All/Record (you have to exit and open the layer again in order to see the Min, Max, and Std dev)

If we look at the attribute table of the point data layer we will observe that the range of the groundwater is 39580 mg/l (Range = Max. – Min.). In general all the groundwater is higher than 2000 mg/l. This means that the groundwater in the island is brackish and not suitable for drinking.

In order to have an idea about the groundwater distribution we have to classify the groundwater.

Close the map once again and repeat the following:

Edit/Map/New/Area/ bcoast (choose unclassified) and click OK

Choose the color, which is the one before the last and click OK

Edit/New/line/ Bahrain (choose unclassified) and click OK

Choose color, which is not blue, red, green and yellow and then click Ok.

Edit/New/Point/ chemical

Attribute: tds

Layer Representation: Normal Symbol

Click Ok

From the Classification Editor dialog box Choose the following

Classification Type: Unequal Intervals

Break Points: 2000 (change), 5000 (change), 10000 (change), 15000 (change), then remove the last number and click Ok

Legend Title: Groundwater Salinity (mg/l)

Highlight the first color, change the color to light blue

Highlight the second color and change it to dark yellow and the size of the point to 8

Highlight the third color and change it to green and the size of the point to 12

Highlight the second color and change it to red and the size of the point to 20

Click Ok

Click Display

Edit/Annotate/Legend/Point click Ok to the right of the Picture

From the graph we notice that the salinity range (5000 to 10,000) in mg/l of the groundwater is distributed in the west coast of Bahrain.

The groundwater in this area should be managed in order to prevent the sea water intrusion. One of the main projects that could be achieved is implementing artificial recharge.

V Lesson 4
Water Resources Presentation in Oman
Scenario: You are a new hydrogeologist at the Ministry of Water Resources in Sulalah south of Sultanate of Oman. You are asked to prepare in SPAN GIS the map of Oman and present the major water resources and the activity of your authority regarding monitoring and studying the water resources. The Ministry of Water Resources in Muscat has only the map of Oman and the major cities of Oman in ArcView format as shapefile.
V-1 Import Shapefile (ArcView) of Oman and Establish the Projection for it
F ile/New/Study Area

When the dialog box appears complete the following

Directory of New Study Area: C:\Gis-tng\oman (browse it)

Title of New Study Area: Oman

Database Type: SPANS database

Click Ok

Projection: (UTM) Universal Transverse Mercator

Click OK

Ellipsoid: 5 (An abstract, perfectly smooth reference surface used by modern geodetic surveys for mapping)

UTM Zone: 39 (Zones extend over 6 degrees of longitude and there are 60 zones).

Hemisphere: Northern

Click OK

File/Open/Layer (The study area contains no points, layers, and areas)

The reason because we have to import the files which has different format to SPANS.

File/Import/Layer

Files of type: change it to SHAPE (*.shp)

Highlight: oman.shp

Click Open

Select Layer Type: Area Layer

Click Next

Highlight all the “column to Import”

Click the ? of the Projection and Choose Longitude/latitude (the shape file is projected in the world geographic coordinate)

Leave the rest as it is.

Click OK

The map of Oman will display.

Repeat this step and bring the major city of Sultanate of Oman.

This file is a point file

File/Open/Layer/Point/omcity_p

Click OK

You notice that the layer and the attribute table of the layer are opened and displayed.

V-2 Set the Extend of the Study Area
The extents define the physical limits of the region you want to include in your study area (it is recommended to change it only once).

Before proceeding close your point layer and access

Tools/System setting/

Coordinate Display: change it to Lat/Lon

Click OK

Query/Distance

Write down the Lat/Lon of two points “Lower Left & Upper Right”

Lower Left Point: Lon 51o 49’ 51” Lat 16o 45’ 19”

Upper Right Point: Lon 59o 27’ 27” Lat 26o 18’ 23”

(DMC) Degree Minute Second 51o 49’ 51” = 51+ 49/60 + 51/3600 = 51.8307 DD (decimal degree)

Tools/Extents from two points

The above dialogue box appears, click Yes

Accept also the corner Points dialog box

Click OK

You will get the following question “Lon/lat’s not within range of projection. Continue?

Click Yes

Resize the frame using the keyboard (PG UP, PG Down, INS, left right, up and down)

Click Ok when you finish and the extend will be saved

Import the two files once again (oman.shp & omcity.shp) and notice that the extent has increased.

Edit/Map

From the Edit Map dialogue box click Edit

Area/ oman_a and Click OK

Choose any color and click OK

Edit/Point/omcity_p and click OK

Choose any color and click OK

Display

Edit/Labels/From Layers/omcity_p

Click Ok

Select Label Column: Name

Text Format; Customise the text as you desire

New Label File: omcity

Rearrange the city and make the capital Muscat bigger than the rest.

Create a new Point Layer

This step demonstrates the possibility of creating and editing geographic points in SPANS. When creating a new data it means you are digitizing a new point. This step is very important in order to create a point layer and later on attach the ten images of the projects from all over the Sultanate of Oman to it.

File/New/layer

Layer Type: Point

Name: image

Title: ten images

Click OK. (the attribute table of the point layer “image” is displayed with three columns Record, lon and lat, but all of them are empty).

Edit/Point/New Point

Move the pointer in the graphic window, the coordinate of the pointer location are displayed in the title bar. When you click the pointer at the appropriate location a new point is digitized at that location and a new record containing the geographic coordinates of the point is added.

File/Save/Layer

V-3 Environmental Project Presentation by Append Images from Oman.

There are ten graphic files that have been scanned and saved as PCX format. These images representing the activity of the Ministry of Water Resources in the Sultanate of Oman.

To append the images to the point data layer we have to do the following:

Edit/Column/Add (to create a new column)

Column Name: image

Column Description: Ten pictures

Data type: Character (because this is a string, simple name)

Length: 8 (maximum)

Justification: left

Display Width: 8

Click Ok

The new column “image” is added as the last column

Place all the file images in your working directory.

Edit the name of the image (picture 0, picture1, …picture9)

View/Appended image (or click the append image in the tool bar)

Repeat the same steps and add another column and name it water and add the text to the window, which contains information about the water resources from Oman taken from the Internet: (http://www.inforamp.net/~emous/oman/water.htm)

VI Lesson 5:
Groundwater Contamination with TCE and PCE throughout Canada and Alberta.
Scenario: You are working for the Department of Health Canada in Alberta and you are asked by your superior
1. Create two maps showing the distribution of TCE/PCE in Canada and Alberta.

2. Create four buffering zone around the contaminated water in Alberta

3. Find the potential health hazard by calculating the number of people living in each zone.

You have the vector layers of Canada and the chemical analysis of the TCE/PCE of the groundwater saved as dbf format.

VI-1 Create the Layer of Alberta from the whole province of Canada
File/Open/Study Area (open the study area Canada)

Edit/Map/New/Area/Prov/Unclassified

Choose any color you like and click OK.

Click Display (the map of Canada displayed)

File/Open/Layer/area/Prov (to open the attribute table of the whole provinces in Canada)

Highlight the Record, which represent Alberta.

File/Save as/layer

In the Dialog Box write

Name: Alberta

Title: Province of Alberta (from Prov)

File/Close/Map

File/Open/Layer/Area/Alberta

Alberta Area and it table attribute displayed.

VI-2 Create a New View Window for Alberta
View/Define new/Choose an area to cover Alberta province

View/save

View: Ab

Title: The window of Alberta

VI-3 Import Groundwater Database into SPANS
The data is saved as chem.dbf (database format).

From the menu bar click the function “Study Area View Functions”

Open an existing View and Choose “00” Universe.

File/Import/DBASE III+/IV…

Choose the directory Canada and double click on chem.dbf

From the Import dBase window

New Point Dataset: chem (the name of the chemical file in SPANS)

Coordinate Type: Choose Longitude/Latitude

Field for Longitude: LON

Field for Latitude: LAT

Highlight the Name, Lat, Long, TCE-2, and PCE-2, and Click OK.

File/Open/layer/Point/chem

The whole chemical data of the groundwater throughout Canada displayed.

VI-4 Append the TCE/PCE Point Data to Alberta Province
File/Open/Layer/Area/Alberta

Click Ok

The attribute’s table of the Alberta layer consists of the following:

The next step is to separate the whole TCE/PCE values of the groundwater in Alberta in one file. In order to do that we need to append the area of Alberta to the data point files chem.tbb

The attribute’s table of the chem.tbb file consists of the following:

|Record |name | lat |lon |tce-2 |pce-2 |

After closing the two layers, I perform the following step

VI-4.1 First Step: Append
Analysis/Point Inside

Layer: alberta

Point Layer: chem

Click OK

If I open the chem.tbb file I will find a new column is added and called alberta.

The new column “alberta” has two classes “1” the points that are located inside the province of Alberta, and “0” the points that are located outside Alberta.

VI-4.2 Second Step: Query
This is the next step, which is important to separate the data point inside Alberta from the rest of Canada.

Query/Query By Example

New (select new equation) and click Ok

Equation: alberta

Title: tce/pce in Alberta

Attribute: alberta (highlight)

Relational Operator: “ = “

Constant: 1

Operator And

Click “Add”

‘alberta’ = 1 AND

This means from the column alberta choose only the value which is equal to “1”

Click Ok (to execute the equation).

The result is 95 point inside the province Alberta.

File/Save as/Layer (to save the new point layer)

Name: chem-a

Title: chemical data inside Alberta

VI-5 Classify the TCE/PCE values in Groundwater for Drinking Purposes.

This step is important to classify the chem-a into two groups: first group is less than 5 ppb (permissible for drinking), second group is higher than 5 ppb (non-drinkable).

File/Open/Layer/Point/chem-a

Click OK.

Query/Query By Example

New (select new equation) and click Ok

Equation: AL-TCE

Title: TCE in Alberta

Attribute: tce-e

Relational Operator: “ >= “

Constant: 5

Operator And

Click “Add”

‘tce-2’ = 5 AND

This means from the column tce-2 choose only the value which is equal or more than “5”

Click Ok (to execute the equation).

The result is 6 point, which has value higher than 5 ppb inside the province Alberta.

File/Save as/Layer (to save the new point layer)

Name: AL-TCE

Title: Data has value > than 5 ppb in Alberta

File/Open/Layer/Point/al-tce

Click OK

The attribute table has six points. If you look carefully you find that there are actually 3 points and the rest is duplication. One point “Edmonton has two values”

In this case you have to delete them and save the layer.

Highlight the duplicate records

Click the first duplicated record and then press Ctrl and press on the second and third.

Edit/Point/Delete Point(s)

Answer “Yes” to delete the selected points and attribute data.

File/Save/Layer

The result is two points have value higher than 5 ppb.

Create a Buffer around the Two Contaminated Sites

Analysis/Buffer

Layer: al-tce (Tce in Alberta, Two points only)

Class 1 5 Change

Class 2 10 Change then 20 and 50

Quad Level: 13

New Quadtree: al-tce

VI-6 Number of Municipalities Inside the 4 Buffer Zones:

To do that I have to transform the “al-tce” quadtree to an area.

Tools/Transform/Quadtree to Layer

Map: al-tce

View: ab

Area Layer assign it

Quad level for Thinning Tolerance: 0

New Vector Dataset: alt-tce

Note: If I highlight the entity map (output map = temp), this step will create an area layer with 8 classes, 4 classes for each point. In addition it will create a map with 8 classes. This step is important if we want to color each class different color. If I don’t specify the entity map I will create an area layer with also 8 classes, but no quadtree map. The only map that exists is the original one “al-tce” and has only four classes (class 1 equal entity 1 & 5, class 2 equal entity 2 and 6 and so on.

File/Open/Layer/Area/al-tce

Al-tce contains 5 columns; Record, entity, class, area, and perimete

Now I have to append the Municipalities inside each buffer zone!

If I open the point table c_all, I find it has the following columns:

Record, site, y-92, y-91, y-86, y-81, y-71, lat, and lon

To append I have to close the point layer.

Analysis/Point Inside:

Layer: al-tce

Point Layer: c_all

Click Ok

If I open the file C-all (File/Open/Layer/Point), I find a new column called “al-tce”and contains 5 classes 0,1,2,3, and 4. Class 0 is outside the buffer zone and the rest of the classes inside the buffer zone.

Now I have to separate the municipalities, which are located inside the 4 buffer zone.

Query/Query By Example

New (select new equation) and click Ok

Equation: al-c-mun (this means all the municipalities inside the buffer zones.

Title: all municipalities inside the 4 zones

Attribute: al-tce (highlight)

Relational Operator: “ > “

Constant: 0

Operator And

Click “Add”

‘al-tce’ > 0 AND

This means from the column al-tce choose only the value which is bigger than “0”

Click Ok (to execute the equation).

The result is 25 point inside the province Alberta.

File/Save as/Layer (to save the new point layer)

Name: al-c-m

Title: Municipalities inside the buffer zone in Alberta

VI-7 Number of Municipalities Inside Eeach Buffer Zone
The quadtree map “al-tce” contains all the municipalities specified in the “al-c-m” point file. The point file should be divided into 4 files (al-c-m1, al-c-m2, al-c-m3, and al-c-m4). Each file contains the number of municipalities in each buffer zone.

To do that we have to query the point al-c-m file.

Query/Query By Example

New (select new equation) and click Ok

Equation: al-c-m1 (means all the municipalities inside the first buffer zone.

Title: all municipalities inside the first zones

Attribute: al-tce (highlight)

Relational Operator: “ = “

Constant: 1

Operator And

Click “Add”

‘al-tce’ > 1 AND

File/Save as/Layer (to save the new point layer)

Name: al-c-m1

Title: Municipalities inside the buffer zone 1

The result is 2 points inside the province Alberta, then open the layer and highlight the two records, you will find that the number of people living in the first 5 Km zone of the contaminated groundwater well is 736,000.

Please continue the exercise and find out how many people living in zone two, three and four.

VII Lesson 6:
Groundwater Investigation in Jordan

Scenario: You are a new GIS specialist and hired at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The time in Jordan regarding the water resources is tough and you are asked to implement the GIS to determine formation that could be an excellent aquifers for potential groundwater wells all over Jordan.
VII-1 Append Point Database Format to an Area Layer

The Jordan dataset contains an area layer called “geology” . We would like to add a new column to the area layer “geology” from a point file with database format. The point file contains information about the major formation outcropping all over Jordan.

Open/Layer/Area/Geology

We notice the area layer “geology” has the following columns:

The point file contains a column called “formatio”. This column contains the information needed to this study. Now the column should be appended to the area layer file. Before proceeding we have to close the area layer.

Edit/Append attributes/dBase III + IV

Highlight the file “geology0.dbf” and click open

The import dBase dialogue Box displays

Layer: geology (this file is needed to add to it the information)

Index Field in Layer File: entity (the data in this column is matched with the data from the database point file.

Index Field for dBase File: Select Number (this is matched with the entity in area layer file.

Field to import: Select Formatio (this column is needed in the area layer).

Click Ok.

Open/layer/area/geology

You will notice that the attribute data is appended to the area layer and a new column “formatio” is added.

VII-2 Classify the Geology Map of Jordan into Aquifer Map.
The new column contains the major formation outcropping all over Jordan. Based on your geological knowledge classify the formation based on their permeability. Based on your personal experience you considered the following formations limestone, gravel, sandstone and basalt are good aquifers and the rest is not good.

You have to create a new column containing the new information about the suitability of the formation to transmitted water.

Model/Attribute Calculate

From the dialog box that appears

Load Equation: New

New Field Name” Aquifer

New Field Title: Permeable formation

Equation: IF('formatio'="Limestone" or'formatio'="Sandstone" or'formatio'="Gravel" or'formatio'="Basalt","aquifer","not aquifer" )

Click Save and then Ok

The equation is executed and the new field named “Aquifer” is added as the last column. The new attribute, either “aquifer” or not “aquifer” are assigned to each soil type according to the equation you constructed.

VII-3 Create Hydrogeological Map for Drilling Groundwater Wells.

The area layer “geology: has a new column with valuable information potential aquifer to drill exploratory groundwater wells all over Jordan. The first step is to transform the area layer to a quadtree map.

Before proceeding close the area layer.

File/New/Map

From the Edit Map dialogue box

Layer Type: Area/geology/aquifer/Nominal

Click Ok

The Area Class Manager dialogue box appears. Change the color of the aquifer to be blue and the not aquifer to a light green.

Click Ok and then Display to view the map.

Tools/Transform/Areas to Quadtree

From the dialog box highlight the Area geology

Quad level: 10

New Map: Aquifer

Click OK and the Quadtree map “aquifer” will be created.

VII-4 Customize the Aquifer Map of Jordan
Add Legend and title to the aquifer map. Before proceeding clear the window.

File/New/Map

Answer No to the Untitled has changed save changes?

When the Edit Map dialog box appears change the following:

Legend Title: Potential Aquifer

Layer Type: aquifer (it will not appear)

Leave the color as they are.

Click Ok

Click Display

Click the Annotations bar menu and Add Legend

Click once again and click on Title

Make the Font “Times New Roman”

Pixel Size 24

Style Bold and click OK

Write “Potential Aquifer in Jordan”

Click Ok

File/Save/Map

Map: aquifer

Title: Potential aquifer in Jordan

Click Ok

VIII Lesson 7
Multi-Criteria Model Approach to Study Groundwater in Amman Zarqa area
Scenario: You are working for the Ministry of Water Resources in Jordan. You have been asked to implement in your study the GIS to find out the best groundwater wells to be used for drinking purposes. In the study area there are forty groundwater wells with database that contains the chemical and environmental isotope analysis. It has been suggested that you use the Multi-Criteria Model in your study.

File/Open/Study Area C\gis-tng\amman

Click OK

In the study area there is a vector representing the whole area and it contains information about the lithology. The area vector will be used in our case to create the geology of the study area and create a base map for this area.

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Area Ceil/geology/Nominal

We choose the geology because we would like to classify the geological map based on the local lithology of Jordan. The nominal is chosen in order to represent each class. For example in our case we combined the B1, B2, and A7 in one class and we called it B2-A7 and A1-2, A3, A4, and A5-6 into A1-6 class. The stress will be on the B2-A7 aquifer as it is the major water bearing formation.

Leave the colors as they are and click OK then Display

VIII-1 Transform the Area Layer of Amman into a Quadtree
A map with five classes displays (to know the name of the classes check the legend, by Annotation then Add legend).

Tools/Transform/Areas to Quadtree…

Area: ceil, geology, Nominal

Quad Level: 10

New Map: Geology.map

Click OK

The Quadtree map will display after some time. Before proceeding further we would like to create a basemap and assign it to the study area. This time we would like to classify the base map not interactively but by creating a template table.

VIII-2 Create Basemap from the Geological Map

Edit/Quadtree/Create Template

Quadtree Layer: geology

Reclassification Template: geology.rcl

Click OK

From the directory of the study area double click on “geology.rcl” The table of geology.rcl will display as below.

:-------------------------------------

:geology -geology :

:-------------------------------------

: : 0 0

:A1-6 : 1 0

:B2-A7: 2 0

:Gravel: 3 0

:K: 4 0

:River: 5 0

The basemap as indicated earlier should include class 1 only. In this case change the 0 of class 1,2,3,4, and 5 to class 1 as seen below

:-------------------------------------

:geology -geology :

:-------------------------------------

: : 0 0

:A1-6 : 1 1

:B2-A7: 2 1

:Gravel: 3 1

:K: 4 1

:River: 5 1

Save the file and then exit (File/save/File/Exit)

Edit/Quadtree/Reclassify

Quadtree: geology

Reclassification Scheme: Reclassification Template

Reclassification Template: geology.rcl (the table which we modified)

Quad Level: 10

New Quadtree: base

Click OK

The map displays with the red color

Tool/Study Area Status…

Assign the basemap “base.map” to the study area

Click OK

File/Close/Map

VIII-3 Reclassify the Geology Map of Amman Zarqa Area

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Quadtree geology/Unclassified

Change the color of all the formation the way you like. Make the water blue, the B2-A7 light green as it is the major water bearing formation.

Click Ok and the Display

VIII-4 Integrate the Groundwater Wells into SPANS
There are 31 wells that contains the longitude/latitude, East/North local plan coordinate and the major cations, anions and the environmental isotope. The point file chemist is in Lotus 1-2-3 format. In order to import the file the following steps should be followed.

File/Import/Lotus 1-2-3

Highlight the file CHEMIST and click Open

New Point Dataset: CHEMIST

Coordinate Type: Longitude/Latitude

Field Name Range: TITLE

Data Range: Data

Field for Longitude: lon

Field for Latitude: lat

Field to Import: Highlight all the field

Click OK

File/Open/Layer/Point: chemist

The point table and its attribute table displays

VIII-5 Potential Mapping

Potential mapping is a point interpolation technique that produces a map surface from the data values recorded as a series of points. In this exercise potential mapping function is used to derive a moving weighted average of selected chemical concentrations of the groundwater in order to obtain surface map for each chemical.

In SPANS there are two approaches to create the potential mapping.

I The first approach is to use Potential Mapping Statistics:

The SPANS potential mapping statistics function converts a point data layer to a surface representative of a statistical model of a selected attribute, referred to as a Z-value (TDS, NO3-, and Tritium), of the points. The statistical models available are the sum, sum of squared, deviation, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, and standard error of mean.

II The second approach is to use Potential Mapping Surface

This approach converts a point data layer to a surface representative of a selected attribute, referred as a Z-value, of the points as above explained. The surface derivative models available are the weighted average of z-values, slope, aspect, X- and Y- derivatives, angle of incidence and sum.

In this exercise we are going to use this approach using the weighted average of Z-value.

VIII-6 Create Potential Map for TDS

The Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of the groundwater in the aquifer of the study area ranges between 320 and 1599 mg/l. The groundwater is classified into three classes, less than 500 mg/l (excellent water for drinking, WHO), between 500 and 1000 mg/l (acceptable water for drinking, Jordanian Standard for drinking purposes), and higher than 1000 mg/l (unacceptable for drinking).

To create the potential map of the TDS we have to do the following steps:

Model/Potential Mapping/Surface…

Point layer: Chemist

Z-Value: tds

Function: Weighted Average of Z-Value

Inner Radius: 1

Outer radius: 2 (the inner radius + the outer radius = total sampling radius)

Decay Rate: 0.5 (the rate of decay applied to the distance described by the sampling radius. O.5 is a linear decay.

Frequency: 1 (The value for a given point represent a single observation. The number of observations is referred as the frequency).

Maximum Neighbors: 5 (number of points closest to the centre of the grid cell and whose radii overlap the centre of the grid cell to be considered.

Basemap Cut: Yes

New Quadtree: tds

Quad Level” 10

Minimum Quad Level: 0

Click OK

The classification dialogue box displays.

Click New to create a new classification scheme

Click Unequal Intervals and enter in the Break Points the following values: 300, 500, 1000

Click OK

VIII-7 Create Potential Maps for NO3- and Tritium

The nitrate (NO3-) concentration has been taken as an indication of groundwater contamination. The NO3- classified into three classes. First class between 0 and 10 mg/l (natural level of NO3- in groundwater, and excellent water for drinking). Second class between 10 and 45 mg/l (drinkable but contaminated). Third class the NO3- concentration is higher than 45 mg/l (contaminated and non-drinkable).

The tritium is also classified into three classes: first class between 0 and 1 (untritiated, no recharge after 1952), second class between 2 and 7 (rechargeable after 1952), third class higher than 8 (short residence time and receptive to local recharge).

I repeat what I did in the TDS map but change the classification for the tritium and nitrate as explained above.

Now I have created three maps for TDS, nitrate and radioactive tritium. These three maps should be combined using the fuzzy logic model in order to detect the most vulnerable aquifer location for contamination from the surface.

VIII-8 Multi-Criteria Modeling

We have created three quadtree maps tds, no3, and tritium. The next step is to combine these three maps using the multi-criteria modeling in order to obtain information about the best groundwater wells that can be used for drinking purposes.

Model/Multi-Criteria/Create Model

The Index Template dialogue box appears

Quadtrees: Select no3, tds, and tritium maps

New Index Template: bestwell (assign this name for the template)

New Quadtree Title: excellent drinking water

New Quadtree: bestwell

Click OK

A blank template is created, which you have to access and modify.

Model/Multi-Criteria/Execute Model

The Create Map from Reindexing dialog box appears

Indexing File: bestwell (click the ? to display the Index Files dialogue Box)

Click Edit to display the template in the text editor.

The Multi-Criteria Overlay Template is displayed. In the template there are the following information.

: Multi-Criteria Overlay Template

:-----------------------------------

:new mapid & title : bestwell excellent drinking water (The name of the template and the title)

:-----------------------------------

: no of Input Maps : 3

: Input Maps (Id Max Color)

no3 3 tds 3 tritium 3

: Format = Weight Map ID Title

:-----------------------------------

:------------------

33.333 no3 : no3 33.33 is the Default weight for each map

:------------------

: - 0: 0 0 is the score of each class in the map

:0 - 1: 0

:10 - 2: 0 1, 2, 3 is the class of each map

:45 - 3: 0 0, 10, 45 is the short legend title.

:------------------

33.333 tds : tds

:------------------

: - 0: 0

:300 - 1: 0

:500 - 2: 0

:1000 - 3: 0

:----------------------

33.333 tritium : tritium

:----------------------

: - 0: 0

:0 - 1: 0

:2 - 2: 0

:8 - 3: 0

:======================

The default assigned to each map is equal to 100 divided by 3 (number of maps used in the overlay). In this xample we have the tds, no3, and tritium maps. We would like to change the weight of contribution. The tds (salinity) is more a desirable parameter for drinking purposes. Also the nitrate parameter is also more desirable than the tritium contribution as a sign of recharge from precipitation. The sign of recharge (fresh water) could also be a sign of contamination if the groundwater wells are not protected. Therefore the weight for each map will be changed according to the following table to reflect a more desirable contribution from each map.

Quadtree Map Old Weight New Weight

tds 33.33 45

no3 33.33 45

tritium 33.33 10

A default score of 0 is assigned to each class. The score indicate the suitability of each map class to the final output.

The following criteria will be used

0 not applicable

1 unsatisfactory

2 good

3 excellent

Change the template as below:

: Multi-Criteria Overlay Template

:-----------------------------------

:new mapid & title : bestwell excellent drinking water

:-----------------------------------

: no of Input Maps : 3

: Input Maps (Id Max Color)

no3 3 tds 3 tritium 3

: Format = Weight Map ID Title

:-----------------------------------

:------------------

45.00 no3 : no3

:------------------

: - 0: 0

:0 - 1: 3

:10 - 2: 2

:45 - 3: 1

:------------------

33.333 tds : tds

:------------------

: - 0: 0

:300 - 1: 3

:500 - 2: 2

:1000 - 3: 1

:----------------------

33.333 tritium : tritium

:----------------------

: - 0: 0

:0 - 1: 1

:2 - 2: 2

:8 - 3: 3

:======================

For each map, you will assign a weight as an indication of the intended contribution of that quadtree map to the final output map.

File/save

File/Exit

Click OK

Quad Level 10

Click OK

The multi-criteria model is processed and the results are presented in a new map which displayed in the Graphic Window.

Edit the map and add the legend for it as in the previous lessons.

File/Save/Map

Call the map bestwell

VIII-9 Analyzing the Results of the Output Map by Querying.

We have been creating bestwell quadtree map by incorporating a number of criteria and produced bestwell map based on our assessment of the contribution of each criteria to the final result.

Each class of the bestwell map has been produced by combining the classes of the three maps tds, no3, and tritium based on our own judgment of the importance of each class of each individual map.

The following step will allow us to analyze the results of the joining maps.

If the map bestwell is not displayed in the Graphic Window, select

File/Open/Map

Query/Raster/Quadtree

Choose from the query layer dialogue box the following maps

no3.map, tds,map, and tritium map

Click OK

Move the pointer over the bestwell three zones. For any pointer location, the geographic coordinates, as well as the information from each of the three quadrtrees is displayed in the Query Data window.

Press ESC to end the function

VIII-10 Creating Area Analysis for the Output map

This step will allow us to calculate the total area of each of the three classes for the

Analysis/Statistics/Area Calculation

The Area Analysis dialogue box appears

Map: bestwell

New Report File: bestwell

Click OK

The report bestwell is produced and is displayed on the screen.

SINGLE MAP ANALYSIS

Quadtree : bestwell - excellent drinking water

View : 00 - Study Area

Class Legend Area(%) Cumm Area Area(sq km)

----------------------- ----- ----- -------

1 Excellent Groundwater 10.32 10.32 69.490

2 Good Groundwater 25.15 35.47 169.367

3 Unsatisfactory Groundwater 3.78 39.25 25.451

4 Outside Study area 60.75 100.00 409.128

----------------------- ----- ----- -------

Total of 4 classes 100.00 673.437

The report represents the area of each class as a percentage of the total area, the cumulative percentage and the total area being analyzed in square kilometers.

The most suitable location for drinking purposes is class 1 (Excellent Groundwater). And class 2 (Good Groundwater). The report above indicates that the total area of these two classes is about 238.85 Km2.

File/Exit

VIII-11 Creating an Area Cross-Tabulation Report

This is another advance statistical method to correlate the classes of two quadtree and presents the results in a table format. In this example we would like to correlate between the salinity represented by the TDS and the nitrate. This type of correlation will allow us to find out the percentage of the aquifer, which is not contaminated. The TDS is reflections not only the water rock-interaction and the residence time, but also a source of contamination. The nitrate only represents a source of contamination either organic or inorganic.

Analysis/Statistics/Area Cross-Tabulation

The Cross-Tabulation Area Analysis dialogue box appears.

Row Quadtree: no3

Column Quadtree: tds

New Report File: tds-no3

Click OK

Note: It is recommended that the quadtree with the greatest number of classes be selected for the rows. In this example both maps, the tds and no3 is equal classes, which is three.

AREA CROSS TABULATION

Row : no3 - Nitrate Concentrationno3

Col : tds - Total Dissolved Solids

View : 00 - Study Area

Contingency Coefficient 0.4850

Tschuprow's T 0.3922

Cramer's V 0.3922

Area (sq km)

Total %

Row %

Col % 300 500 1000 Total

--------- ------------------------------------------------

0 4.956 0.000 0.000 4.956

1.88 0.00 0.00 1.88

100.00 0.00 0.00

3.63 0.00 0.00

10 116.753 35.747 10.955 163.455

44.18 13.53 4.15 61.85

71.43 21.87 6.70

85.48 39.15 30.12

45 14.870 55.571 25.415 95.855

5.63 21.03 9.62 36.27

15.51 57.97 26.51

10.89 60.85 69.88

--------- ------------------------------------------------

Total 136.578 91.318 36.370 264.266

51.68 34.56 13.76

The result of the correlation between the tds map and the no3 map is as follow.

1. The region with nitrate concentration between 10 - 45 mg/l and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) between 300 -500 mg/l (drinkable groundwater) encompass around 44 % of the area being analyzed. This means that 44.18 equal 116.753 as a percentage of 264.266.

2. The high TDS (higher than 1000 mg/l) and high nitrate concentration (higher than 45 mg/l) occurs in less than 9.6 % of the area.

3. The low salinity (less than 500 mg/l) and low nitrate concentration (less than 10 mg/l) occurs in only 1.8 %. This indicates that only less than 2 % of the whole area is not contaminated by nitrate. The area, which has nitrate concentration higher than the natural abundance of nitrate in groundwater is around 13.53 %. This area shows that there is a source of contamination, but still the groundwater quality drinkable based on the WHO standard (less than 45 mg/l).

VIII-12 Calculate Number of Groundwater Wells in Each Zone of the Output Map.
this step will permit us to overlay the bestwell map with the point layer “chemist”. The result of this overlay process is a creation of a new column in the point data layer “chemist”. The new column containing the entity of the quadtree map “bestwell” within which each groundwater well positions.

Before proceeding check the chemist point layer file and find out the numbers and the names of the columns included in this file.

File/Open/Layer/point: Chemist

The chemist point file contains 20 columns and they are:

Record, name, lon, lat, e, n, al, t, o-18, d, tds, ph, ca, mg, na, k, cl, so4, hco3, no3.

Close the chemist layer point.

Analysis/Point Inside

The Point Inside dialogue box appears.

Layer: bestwell.map

Point Layer: chemist

Click OK

If you open the point layer “chemist” (File/Open/Layer/Point/chemist) you will find a new column has been added to the file and it is called bestwell.

VIII-13 Building SPANS Script
SPANS provides script (macro) building capabilities to help you build files that run procedures. To illustrate the capabilities of the Tools/Command File functions, we will do the following example from the Amman Zarqa area.

The following examples, you will create a script (.eas file) that will perform the indicated procedures automatically and in sequence. The procedures include querying a point file, “chemist”, to identify groundwater wells, where, calcium (Ca), and sulfate (SO4) are less than 3 meq/l and saving the results in a new file called chm_sc.

File/Command File

Command File: ions

Description: Create file by querying

Create File: yes

Click OK

File/Open/Layer/point/ chemist

Query/Query By Example

New

Click OK

Equation: ca

Title: Ca Concentration in groundwater

‘ca’ < 3 AND

Click Add

The query will highlight the groundwater wells which meet those criteria.

File/Save As/Layer

Name: Ca

Title: Ca Concentration in groundwater < than 3 meg/l

Click OK

Repeat the last steps , the Query By Example and save as, for SO4 columns

Tools/Command File

Select Close File

Click OK

Tools/Command File/Edit

File/Open ions.eas

Click Open

IX Lesson 8

Groundwater Contamination along Amman-Zarqa Aquifer

Scenario: You are asked to adopt also another advance method, which is the Fuzzy Logic Model in studying the groundwater contamination in Amman Zarqa Basin. The objectives of this study is to determine the vulnerability of the groundwater to contamination.

IX-1 Fuzzy Logic Model

Theoretically, the fuzzy membership of a set of known data is values located between 1 representing true and 0, false. To develop the fuzzy logic model TDS, tritium and NO3-

Maps were chosen as major criteria to describe areas that receive local recharge and receptive to contamination.

Based on the importance of different classes TDS, NO3-, and Tritium maps, fuzzy membership values were assigned to each class of each map.

Assign a Fuzzy Membership for the TDS, NO3- and Tritium

Each class of each map should be assigned for it a fuzzy membership. High concentration of TDS, NO3- and Tritium classes have been assigned a value of 0.99. This is high value and indicates that each high concentration class within the three maps is subject to local recharge (high tritium) and vulnerable to contamination (high salinity and nitrate). The low concentration of TDS, NO3- and Tritium classes have been assigned a value of 0.1 (no indication of recharge and contamination).

Edit/Map/New/Edit/Quadtree TDS

Change the color of the map to make it more clear and

Click OK

Click Display

Annotations/Add Legend

Select tds map and click OK

Query/Raster/Quadtree..

Choose tds map and click OK

Move the pointer over the map and write down each class

You find that the map has four classes. Class 0, class 1 (300-499), class 2 (500-999), class three (1000+)

Find out each class of the nitrate and tritium maps as we did above.

IX-2 Assign a fuzzy membership for each class of the TDS, Nitrate, and Tritium
We already have noticed that the TDS has 3 classes and now each class should be assigned for it a fuzzy membership as shown below. I open any text editor (for example notepad) and write the following file and call it “tds.txt”:

0 0 This for the class outside the zone of influence.

1 0.1 Class one

2 0.3 Class two

3 0.99 Class three (High concentration and not drinkable)

I save the file and call it “tds.txt”

I write another file and call it “no3.txt”. The no3.txt contains also three classes

0 0

1 0.1 Class one

2 0.5 Class two

3 0.99 Class three (Highly contaminated)

I writ the third text file and call it “tritium.txt”

0 0

1 0.1 Class one

2 0.7 Class two

3 0.99 Class three (Highly rechargeable)

The fuzzy membership value of each class of the tds.txt, no3.txt and tritium.txt are chosen subjectively and they reflect the importance of each map.

IX-3 Converting the ASCII table data to a Binary SPANS Table
SPANS stores and access table data in a binary table file (.tbb). The three files created above have to be converted from text format to a binary file format using the “pntba” program in a DOS environment.

Start/Programs/Command Prompt (Win NT environment)

Start/Programs/MS-DOS (Win 95 environment)

L:\gis-tng\amman\pntba tds.txt and enter

A new file tds.tba in Amman directory will be created. I repeat this step in order to create no3.tba and tritium.tba. These three files are binary files and we could access them inside the SPANS environment.

File/Import/SPANS Table tds and click OK

A new file will be created in the Amman Directory and it will be called tds.tbb. Repeat this step to import no3.tba and tritium.tba.

File/Open/Layer/Table tds

Click OK

When the attribute table tds.tbb open, edit it and change the attr0 to class and attr1 to fuzzy. In order to do that just double click on the attr0 and attr1 respectively and then rename them.

File/Save/Layer

Close the file

Repeat the step in order to change the header of the no3.tbb and tritium.tbb.

IX-4 Combining TDS, Nitrate and Tritium Using the Fuzzy Logic Model

Now the main elements for combining the three maps using the fuzzy logic approach are available and they are:

1. The TDS, Nitrate and Tritium maps

2. The TDS, Nitrate and Tritium tables

3. The fuzzy membership is assigned for each class of each map.

Model/Equation/New fuzzy

Write the following equation in the Equation Editor

A=Table(("no3"), class("no3"), "fuzzy")

This mean that we have table call no3, map call no3, and a field in the no3 table call fuzzy.

gam=0.95

This the gamma that combine the fuzzy logic formula

fprod=A*B*C

fsum=1.-((1-A)*(1-B)*(1-C))

fgam=pow(fsum, gam)*pow(fprod, 1-gam)

This is the fuzzy logic formula