Concordia University
School for Building (Civil Engineering Program)

1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8
Geographic Information System Workshop
(4 to 7 of May, 1998)

GIS Applications in
Environmental Engineering and Water Resources
Case Studies from UAE
Using
GIS - ArcView

By
William Bajjali, Ph.D

 

Table of Content
I Introduction 3
I-1 What is a GIS 3
I-2 Why the growing interest in GIS? 3
II First Day 4
II-1 Introduction 4
II-2 Produce a Map of the Arab World 4
II-2.1 Scenario 1: Water Consumption in the Arab World 4
II-2.2 Create Arab World Shape file 5
II-3 Analyzing Special Relationships 6
III Day Two 9
III-1 Working with Tables 9
III-1.1 Scenario 2: Groundwater Quality Classification in Al Ain Area, UAE 9
III-2 Query the Chemistry of groundwater Based on Drinking Standard 10
III-3 Create Shape File From the Low Salinity Groundwater Wells in Al Ain 10 III-4 Create Chart of the Water Consumption per Capita in the Arab World 12 III-4.1 Creating a Charts 12
III-4.2 Refining the Chart 13
III-5 Create Map Layout of the Water Consumption / Capita in the Arab World 14
III-6 Printing Layout of the Arab World 16
IV Third Day 17
IV-1 Proximity Analyses 17
IV-2 Scenario 3: Create a Pipeline to Treat the Wastewater in UAE 17
IV-3 Integrate the Chemical Data of the Wastewater into ArcView 17
IV-4 Design New Wastewater Treatment Plant Near Abu Dhabi 18
IV-5 Design New Pipeline to Carry the Wastewater from All UAE 19
IV-6 Evaluate the Cost of the Project 20
IV-7 Create Protection Zone Around the Pipeline 21
V Fourth Day 22
V-1 Attach Image to a map in ArcView 22
V-1.1 Scenario 4: Setting Up Potential Hazard Locations Using Hot Links 22
V-2 Special Analysis of Data 24
V-2.1 Finding Features Nearby 24
V-2.1.1Finding the Nearest Water Reservoir to the Main Water Pipeline 24
V-2.1.2 Scenario 5: Find Best Location to Build Water Reservoir 24
V-2.2 Finding Water Reservoir Closest to the Populated Area 26
V-2.1.2.1 Scenario 6: Water Reservoir Station Based on Populated Area 26

I Introduction

I-1 What is a GIS?
A GIS (Geographical Information System) is a powerful analytical, management, and modeling tool to provide decision makers everywhere with a comprehensive and inexpensive means of integrating geographic data into their operations. The GIS can be described as an organized collection of computer hardware, software, georeferenced data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

I-2 Why the growing interest in GIS?

Because GIS technology provides a means of integrating information in a way that helps the user understand and address environmental problems we are facing today, (i.e: changes in environment and land use pattern, urban development, crop yield, landfill management, groundwater evaluation, water contamination, and weather forecasting, etc.). Application for GIS technology is developed around the world, and currently used by many users for a multitude of diverse applications.

II First Day
Introducing the most important element of the ArcView. We will take a close look at ArcView by opening an ArcView project and exploring each of its components (Views, Tables, Charts, Layouts, and Scripts). We will work with world data that comes with ArcView. Before we proceed here is an introduction about the five components of the ArcView.

II-1 Introduction:

It is easy to get started with ArcView, and you don’t have to be a GIS expert to use it. ArcView stores the maps, charts, and tables you create in a project. A project is a file for organizing all the information you need to do your work. Projects use five types of components (called documents) to organize information: View, Tables, Charts, Layouts, and Scripts. Each component displays data differently; each has its own related menus, buttons, and tools organized in a unique interface.

Views display sets of geographic data called theme. Each theme is associated with an attribute table.

Tables display tabular data. The table is called “attribute table” if it is associated with the theme. You could access the attribute of any feature from the view or from the table. You could also bring various tables from outside ArcView if they are saved as dBASE, INFO, or Delimited text. The table could be brought into the ArcView environment with or without a coordinate.

Charts display tabular data graphically. ArcView charts are associated with the view and tables. The information can be chosen from these two components.

Layout is the output product of the work that has been done inside ArcView. It has a full color presentation that displays views, tables, charts, and images as graphic element on the screen. Layout can be sent to a printer or plotter to create a hard-copy product.

Scripts are programs (macro) written in Avenue. Avenue is an object oriented programming (OOP). With Avenue you can customize almost every aspect of ArcView.

II-2 Produce a Map of the Arab World:

II-2.1 Scenario 1: Water Consumption in the Arab World

A team of professionals from the UAE is asked to present a report to the Minister of Planning. The report should include information dealing with the consumption of water per capita, the availability of water, birth rate, life expectancy, working class in industry and agriculture areas and other valuable information. The report will be submitted to the UN who is interested in seeing the development in the UAE compared to the rest of the Arab World. The report should be carried out in ArcView GIS environment.

We have the data of the world, which includes the country of the Arab world. We want to explore the five components of the ArcView by creating an output map of the Arab world and create a map showing the water consumption per capita in each country.

Topics & Functions:

1. Make and print a map of the Middle East

2. Find the country, major cities and the capital of the Arab World.

3. Create a shape files from the countries, major cities, and capital of the Arab World, using the query system.

4. Edit a new column in the new attribute table of the capt-arab.shp.

Description:

Start ArcView by double clicking on the icon of ArcView.

Set the directory to C:\bajjali\gis-tng, access the project/properties and replace $Home by (c:\bajja\gis-tng)

File open project (C:\bajja\gis-tng\arab.world)

From the Window Project highlight the View and click on Open. We will be using the button icon more regularly during this short course.

The view1 has two themes Country.shp & Cities.shp

The check box next to each theme indicates whether it is currently turned on or off.

You can adjust the width of the table of contents by dragging the border between the table of contents and the map.

Drag the Cities.shp to be on top of the Country.shp. (Check which theme is highlighted, you could highlight both of the themes by holding the shift key and clicking on both).

II-2.2 Create Arab World Shape File:

We would like to create two new themes, the first is the countries of the Arab world and the second theme is the capital of each country.

1. Highlight the theme Country.shp.

2. Change the color of the Country.shp to more light color. Double-click on the Country.shp theme to display the Legend Editor. Double-click on the Symbol. The Fill Palette displays. Click the Color Palette button at the top of the Fill Palette. The Color Palette displays. In the Color Palette, select a light color (light blue) and then click Apply and close the Legend Editor.

3. Zoom on the area of the Arab world by choosing the zoom in button tool.

4. Click on “Open theme table” or access the theme/table. The attributed table of Country.shp will be displayed. The table consists of various fields.

5. Click on the Select Feature and drag it around the Arab world. You will notice that the selected areas on the theme and the attributed table of this particular theme turned to a yellow color.

6. Highlight the attribute table of the Country.shp. Click the Promote button to display the records for the selected features at the top of the table.

7. The table contains a field called “Name”. Reject all the countries, which are not Arab. To do that hold the shift key and point the cursor on yellow color of the non Arab country and click, i.e Cyprus is not an Arab country turn it off and so on.

8. You notice that when you click on the name of the country the yellow color will disappear from the theme and the table.

9. When you finish try to bring all the highlighted records to the top by clicking on the Promote button.

10. Highlight the View and access the Theme menu (the Country.shp should be highlighted). From the Theme menu, choose Convert to Shapefile. In the dialog that appears, specify the name and location of the new shapefile that will be added to the view (name it Arabworld.shp and store it in C:\bajjali\gis-tng\data\shape)

II-3 Analyzing Spatial Relationships

1. Click Cities.shp theme to make it active and bring it on top of Country.shp.

2. Close the County.shp attribute table and open the attribute of Cities.shp table by clicking on Open Theme Table button.

3. Make the attribute table active and then click the Query Builder Button on the view button bar to display the Query Builder Dialog box. The Query Builder dialog box contains a list of attribute fields (shape, area, perimeter,….), a set of operators (=, <>, and, >,>=, or,…) and list of attribute values (depending on which column is highlighted.

4. From the editor double click on the capital, click on equal and double click on Y, ( [Capital] = "Y" ), then select “New Set”.

5. When you finish try to bring all the highlighted records to the top by clicking on the Promote button. This step allows us to choose all the capitals of the world. However we are interested in only the capitals of the Arab world.

To select only the capitals of the Arab world we do the following.

6. With the Cities.shp theme active, chose “Select By Theme” from the Theme menu. The “Select By Theme” dialog box displays.

7. The Cities.shp theme is the target (active) theme. Features in this theme will be selected by features in the Arab-world theme.

8. From the lower drop-down list chose “Arabworld.shp” from the upper drop-down list chose “Are Completely Within” Your selection from this sentence means: select features of active themes that completely within the selected features of Arabworld.shp. Because you have already selected a set of Cities that meet your first criterion (capital), you want ArcView to select the capital of the Arab world (Arabworld.shp) from this set.

9. Click the Select from Set button. ArcView selects the Arab capitals from the whole capitals of the world.

10. Click the Promote button to display the Arab capitals at the top of the table.

11. Create a new shapefile (as above) from the selected capitals and call it Arabcapt.shp, bring it to the view and save it in C:\bajjali\gis-tng

12. Make only the Arabcapt.shp and the Arabworld.shp theme on and the rest off.

13. Change the name of the view to reflect what it shows.

14. Select properties from the View menu to open the view properties dialog box. Change View1 to Arab World.

15. Change the name of the themes Arabcapt.shp and Arabworld.shp to Arab countries and Arab Capitals.

16. Select Properties from the Theme menu to open the theme properties dialog box. Change their name as mentioned above.

III Day Two

III-1 Working with Tables: (Add, Join, and Query)

III-1.1 Scenario 2: Groundwater Quality Classification in Al Ain Area, UAE

You are working for the Department of Water in Al Ain. You are asked by your superior to prepare a small report about the 13 new groundwater wells that have been drilled recently. You are asked to:

1. Integrate all the data associated with the study area and groundwater wells in ArcView GIS system. You have only two shapefiles: AlAin.shp and well.shp. The chemical and environmental analyses of the wells are available in database format at the laboratory of University of Al Ain.

2. Classify the quality of groundwater wells based on the UAE guideline for drinking purposes and give emphasis to TDS (salinity) and nitrate concentration.

3. Make recommendations to you department stating which wells should be linked to the major water supply pipeline in order to use them for domestic purposes.

4. Create a new theme with only the wells that will be linked to the water supply network

Description:

1. Start ArcView access file/new project.

2. Highlight the Window Project, you see that the View icon is highlighted click New.

3. Access the view menu and click Add Theme. Navigate C:\GIS-tng\DayTwo and click on AlAin.shp and Well.shp

4. Click on the AlAin.shp and Well.shp check box to display them.

5. Make the Well.shp active. Access the theme menu, and select Table to open the attributes of well table (or press on Open Them Table button).

6. Access the table menu and select properties. In the table properties dialog box, remove the visibility checkmarks for the Shape, Area, Perimeter, and Well1_id click on the OK button to confirm the changes and close the dialog box.

7. Activate the project window and click on the Table icon and then click the Add button to add a table to the project.

8. In the Add Table dialog box navigate to the C:\GIS-tng\DayTwo directory, set List Files of Type dBase, and select data.dbf

9. Make both the Attributes of well and data.dbf table window wider, position them so that you can see both of them at the same time.

10. Activate the data.dbf by clicking its title bar and select the Well1_ field.

11. Activate the Attributes of well table and click on the Well1_ field.

12. Access the Table menu. Select Join (or click on the join button) to link the two tables based on their relationship through the Well1_ field. The result of this action closed the data.dbf and joined its field to the Attributes of well. The joined fields can be removed by accessing the Table menu and selecting remove All Joins.

III-2 Query the Chemistry of Groundwater based on Drinking Standard of UAE

The Attributes of well has the chemistry and environmental isotopes and you want to choose the wells based on Total Dissolved Salinity (TDS) and Nitrate (NO3-).

1. Activate the Attributes table of the well, then click the Query Builder button on the View button bar to display the Query Builder dialog box (or Table/Query).

2. The Query Builder dialog box contains a list of attribute fields, a set of operations, and a list of attribute values.

3. In the Query Builder dialog box, double click on [TDS] to place it in the query text box.

4. Click the “<” button and then write 1000.

5. Click the “and” button, double click [NO3] in the field list click < and write 45.

6. Click the New Set button to select those wells that their salinity are less than 1000 mg/l and their nitrate content less than 45 mg/l.

7. Close the Query Builder dialog box.

III-3 Create Shape File from the Low Salinity Groundwater Wells in Al Ain Area

We would like to create a new theme from the selected groundwater wells (see above).

Before proceeding, highlight the Attributes table of the well. Access the theme menu, and select Table to open the attributes of well table (or press on Open Them Table button).

Access the table menu and select properties. In the table properties dialog box, place the visibility checkmarks for the Shape.

Important Note: If the shape column is not seen (hidden) in the table you can’t convert the selected wells to a shapefile.

1. When you finish try to bring all the highlighted records to the top by clicking on the Promote button.

2. Highlight the View and then access the Theme menu (the Well.shp should be highlighted). From the Theme menu, chose Convert to shapefile. In the dialog that appears, specify the name and location of the new shapefile to your View as a Theme. (name it Welln.shp and store it in C:\bajjali\gis-tng\DayTwo)

III-4 Create Chart of the Water Consumption per Capita in the Arab World.
III-4.1 Creating a Chart

The chart is an additional tool to reveal the relationship inherent in the data. The chart represents the current data on the table. If the table is updated, the chart will reflect the change. Six types of charts are available: area, bar, column, line, pie, and XY scatter diagrams.

There are two basic approaches to creating a chart:

1. The more direct approach is to click on the Chart icon from the project window to make chart the active project component. Click on the new button and then select the table you want from the list of chartable tables.

2. If the table is active, select the chart from the Table pulldown menu

Both approaches will activate the chart properties dialog window, which present you with additional choices regarding chart design.

1. Start ArcView access file/new project.

2. Highlight the Window Project, you see that the View icon is highlighted click New.

3. Access the view menu and click Add Theme. Navigate C:\GIS-tng\avexer\day2b-UAE and click on Arabworld.shp.

4. Open the attribute table of the Arabworld.shp and make it active

5. Add the table water.dbf from the dbf directory (C:\bajjali\gis-tng\data\dbf).

6. Join the water.dbf to the attribute table of the Arabworld.shp (as in the previous exercise), using the name field as a common column.

Note: You can chart only numeric fields. A chart is one way of making tabular information graphic, giving it immediate impact. Before proceeding to create a chart from the Attribute table of the Arabworld hide the following fields (Table/Properties): Area, Perimeter, Yr94_, Yr94_id, Abbrecname, Fips_code, Wb_contry, Tot_pop, Tot_pop80, Grw_rate, Grw_rate80, Doubletm, Doubletm80, Pr_pop2000, P_O_14_89, P_15_64_89, P-urban89, Popdensity, Bir_rate, Bir_rate80, Dth_rate, Dth_rate80, Fertility, Fertility80, Life_exp, Life_exp_f, P-agalnd, Pct_pop_ag, Gnp_cap, Pct_f_work, Pct_trade, Trade_bal, Energy_bal, X, Y. Do that through (Table/Properties)

7. Click the Create Chart button, the chart properties dialog box display

8. Select “Water/pers” in the fields scrolling list and click Add.

9. Select “Name” in the label series using drop-down list. ArcView uses this field to label each set of related values in the chart.

10. Change the name of chart1 to Water/Capita (Chart/properties).

11. Click OK to apply your selection the graph will display and the chart properties of the dialog box will be dismissed automatically.

You may notice that chart is not very effective as ArcView consider the data from a record in a table as a data series. To work around this problem do the following.

1. Make sure that the chart is active and click on the chart properties.

2. From the scroll list for field, select Available_ and click Add then click on OK to accept these choices.

3. Click on the Series from Records/Fields icon on the button bar or (Chart/ Series From fields).

4. The chart now displays differently, on the legend you have Water/pers & Available, while on the X-axis the name of the country. Resize the window as needed to make the chart more readable.

5. Return to chart properties window, click on Available_ from the list of Series and select delete and then click OK. The Available_ disappear from the graph legend.

III-4.2 Refining the Chart:

1. With chart active, click on the chart Element Properties toll, then click anywhere on the y-axis of the chart. The Chart axis Properties dialog box displays.

2. In the scale max text box, keep the value to 4000 and also keep 0 as the lower value.

3. In the major unit text box, replace the default value with 200 to adjust the increment.

4. Highlight the Y Axis and replace it with word “m3/year” and click on the Axis label to turn it on. Click OK the chart redraws with the changes you made.

5. Click on the x-axis and replace the X Axis with Country, Make abbreviation to some countries, United Arab Emirates to UAE, Saudi Arabi to SA, and etc. then click OK.

6. You can also change the position of your legend, click on the legend and then click on the bottom of the chart, the legend will move to the new place.

7. Change the title of your chart, click on the word “Title” at the top of your chart title Properties dialog box.

8. The title has five fixed positions you can click on, keep it at the top and in the text box, type the word Water per capita in the Arab World, then click OK.

9. Click on the chart colour tool, when the Symbol Pallete displays, choose the color Pallete. Click on the green color and then bring the cursor over to the chart and click on one of the country. The color of the chart changes to green.

10. Choose the Identify tool from the Chart tool bar click on UAE. The corresponding record displays in the Identify Dialog Box.

Now you want to view only the Gulf countries and remove the rest.

11. Select the chart and the table so that both are visible in the front of the view.

12. With the chart active, click on the Erase tool. Now bring the cursor over to the chart and click on the yellow data marker of non Gulf countries.

13. Notice that non Gulf countries disappears from the chart and its corresponding record is no longer selected in the table.

14. Redo the scale of the chart as in point 4 & 5.

15. Could you tell wich country has the higher consumption / capita in the Gulf area.

III-5 Create Map Layout of the Water Consumption / Capita in the Arab World

A layout is a map that compines ArcView project components-View, Charts, tables and additional elements such as legends, scale bars, north arrows, and graphics, to form single output document. Layout makes it easy to produce presentation quality maps with ArcView. You can place more than one view onto your layout, along with any of the charts and tables in your ArcView project through the use of frames. A frame can be dynamically linked to corresponding ArcView project components.

1. Click on the Layout icon on the project window, then click New. A blank layout page appears. Access (Layout/page setup/landscape) to choose landscape orientation.

2. Enlarge the layout page, if you don’t like the grid you can hide them (Layout/Hide Grid). The Grid appears on the screen, not on the printout.

3. Change the name of the layout from Layout 1 to Arab World (Layout/Properties).

4. Click on the Layout menu and choose page setup. The page setup dialog box displays. Click the page size drop-down arrow and choose Letter 8.5 x 11.0 in if it’s not chosen and then Click OK.

Now you can begin to add views, tables, charts, and other elements to the layout using the Frame tool. The Frame tool has seven types available in a layout.

5. Click on the frame tool and hold down the mouse button to display the drop-down tools. Drag the cursor down to the View Frame tool and release. The View Frame tool is now selected.

6. Move the cursor inside the layout. Place the cursor (now crosshairs) on the upper left grid point, then click and hold down the mouse button as you drag the cursor to draw a view frame in the upper portion of the layout. When you release the button, the View Frame Properties dialog box displays.

7. Click on Water/Capita. Live Link should already be checked (means any changing to the view will automatically be reflected in the view frame).

8. You can also set the scale parameters of view frame. By default it is Automatic, you could select Preserve View Scale (the view will be displayed at the same scale in both the view and the layout). View (it is already added because it is highlighted).

9. Click on the Display drop-down list and choose “Always” to display the view frame, even when layout document is not active. From the Quality drop-down list choose Presentation, and then click OK.

10. Click on the Frame tool to select the Legend (Water/Capita, Always, and Presentation) then click OK.

11. Click on the Pointer tool and move the cursor over one of the four handles around the legend frame until it changes to a double-headed arrow. Hold the mouse button down and drag the handle to change the size. Select it with the Pointer tool and move it the desired location.

12. Click on the Frame tool to select the Scale bar. When the dialog box display select Water/Capita, unit Kilometers, (check that the projection is right, UTM, meter, Km, zone 36) Interval 5000, intervals 1, left division 2, or the intervals you like, then click OK and reposition the scale bar.

13. Select the North arrow from the Frame tool and chose the shape you like.

14. Select the Chart from the Frame tool. Chose Water/Capita, Always, and Presentation then click OK

15. Select the Table from the Frame tool and choose the attribute table of the Arab-World.shp

16. Click on the Text tool in the layout tool bar, then click inside the layout, near the top and when the properties dialog box display. Type Water per Capita in the Arab World.

17. Highlight the text and access the Symbol Palette from the window menu. Select the Font Palette (New time Roman, 36) the font of the text will be change.

18. Click on the Draw tool and Hold down the mouse button to display the drop-down tools. Drag the cursor down to the rectangle tool, then release. Drag a rectangle around your layout so it encompasses all of the frames and graphics. If all the elements in your layout don’t fit inside the neatline, you may need to rearrange them.

19. Rename the name of Layout1 to Water per Capita (Layout/Properties).

III-6 Printing the Layout of the Arab World

20. From the File pulldown menu, select Print. The print dialog box displays. If you have a printer connected to your computer and it’s turned on, click OK to print the layout.

IV Third Day

IV-1 Proximity Analysis

IV-2 Scenario 3: Create a Pipeline to Treat the Waste Water in UAE

UAE like other developed countries is keen to protect the environment and keep it clean. The country is planning to propose a multimillion dollar project that will achieve the following:

Transform vast area of the desert to green regions.

Protect the coast and the marine from pollution.

Manage and reuse its waste water resources throughout UAE.

A committee of various ministries in the UAE decided to carry out this proposal. The proposed project will lead to connect all the sewage treatment plants throughout the country. The sewage will be transported in a main sewer pipeline to a main wastewater treatment plant west of Abu Dhabi. The treated wastewater then will be used to increase the area of the mangrove forests.

Topics & Functions:

1. Create a map of UAE from the Arab world map you produced in the first day.

2. Export all the sewage treatment plants table in the country and display it as theme.

3. Find the best site to position the main wastewater treatment plant.

4. Create the wastewater treatment plant.

5. Design the pipeline that will carry the wastewater.

6. Connect all the wastewater treatment plant to the pipeline.

7. Estimate the cost of the pipeline

Description:

1. Start ArcView and open the project “uaeprx” and review the data. The view in the project contains the following themes from UAE: uae.shp (the country), uaecity.shp (major cities), and uaestp.shp (the sewage treatment plants throughout the country).

IV-3 Integrate the Chemical Data of the Wastewater into ArcView

2. Make the project window active. With the table icon selected, click Add button to display the Add Table dialog box.

3. In the dialog box, select C:\GIS-tng\data\dbf\. Click on the uaeswg.dbf.

4. Click OK to add the uaeswg.dbf to your project.

5. When it is opened, you see that the fields contain chemical data of the sewage treatment plants.

6. Join the uaeswg.dbf and the attribute table of uaestp.shp together.

7. Make the useswg.dbf active and click on the stp field to make it active.

8. Make the theme table (attribute of Uaestp.shp) active and click on the stp field to make it active.

9. Click on the button join.

10. The chemical data joint the attribute table data. Check the chemistry and remove the joint (Table/removed all joins)

IV-4 Design New Waste Water Treatment Plant Near Abu Dhabi

You decided to build a huge treatment plant on the Arabian Gulf east of Abu Dhabi. The capacity of the plant should be twice the capacity of all the total effluent of sewage treatment plants. Its location should be far from the population and close to the proposed mangrove forest.

1. From the View menu, choose New Theme. The New Theme dialog box displays.

2. Click on the drop-down arrow for feature type, select “Polygon” then click OK.

3. Another dialog box displays, asking you for a theme name.

4. Specify the drive C:\GIS-tng\data\shapefile and change the file name to uaemtp.shp then click OK.

5. A new theme called uaemtp.shp is added to your view, but it’s empty.

6. Notice that the check box for the uaemtp.shp theme has a dashed line around it, indicating that editing is allowed.

7. Change the name of uaemtp.shp to Mangrove Treatment Plant (Theme/properties).

8. Select the editing icon and draw a polygon.

9. Access the Theme menu and select the stop editing option, then save the edit.

10. Add a new field and call it Name, edit it and call it Mangrove Treatment Plant. (Start editing/Add field).

11. Change the color of the mangrove treatment plant.

IV-5 Design New Pipeline to Carry the Wastewater from All UAE

You are ready now to create a new pipeline that will pass from Ras Al Khaimeh east-north to the West of Abu Dhabi. The pipeline will carry all the effluent of wastewater to the Mangrove Treatment Plant. The water will be treated in the plant and later on used for restricted irrigation in order to increase the green area of the desert.

1. To create a pipeline, access the view menu and select the new theme option. Create a line and call it pipeline.shp and save it in the proper directory (C:\gis-tng\data\shape).

2. A new theme will be added to the view and its check box is highlighted with a dashed line. This indicates that the theme is being edited. If you open the table associated with the pipeline theme, you could see only a new column called shape.

3. Change the name of the pipeline.shp to pipeline (theme/properties).

4. Select the editing icon and click on the interactive and snapping check boxes. Specify a value that will be determined by the projection of your study area, i.e 0.2 km if the distance in Km (see View/properties-map units, distance units and projection). A new button will be added to the view menu called snap.

5. Before you edit the pipeline change the default line of the pipeline to a thicker dark gray line. Double click on the pipeline, the legend editor will display double click on the line below the symbol, click on the Pen Palette and change the size to 2 and change the color press apply and close the legend editor.

6. Zoom to the area where you want to draw the line.

7. Switch to draw line (the button in the view) and add the line by clicking along the way between the wells and when you finish drawing the proposed line double click to end line addition. When you double click a new row will be established below the shape called PolyLine in the attributes of pipeline.shp (the table should be open to observe these changing).

8. When you have completed the pipeline you can adjust it, by clicking on the vertix edit. Place the cursor over the vertex and press <Del>. You can also move it, by dragging it. Try your self to drag and delete some of the vertex.

9. When you are satisfied with the pipeline, access the theme menu and select the stop editing option, then save the edit (you will notice that the shape became italic in the attribute table).

IV-6 Evaluate the Cost of the Project

To establish the distance between the sewage treatment plant (uaeswg.shp) and the pipeline, you will spatially join the two themes on their shape field. The join is thereby grounded on feature geometry and location instead of an attribute. The outcome of the join depends on the feature classes you use. Spatially joining a point theme to a line’ theme results in a new column in the attribute table containing the distance between the point and the line.

The units in the distance column reflect the map units, rather than the distance units of the view. It is best to project the data before performing the spatial join. This will make the calculated distances meaningful. It is a good idea to set the distance and map unit to the same value (In this example assign the map unit to be meter).

1. Open the attribute table of the pipline and the uaeswg.shp themes.

2. Click on the shape heading in the attribute table of the pipeline then click on the shape heading of attribute table of the uaeswg.shp.

3. Click on the join button. The uaeswg.shp attribute table now has a new column named distance.

4. The distance will be in meter (the unit of the map).

5. Access the Table field in the menu and click “start editing”

6. Click on the Add Field option in the Edit menu to create a new column.

7. Define the new name “Distance in Km”, type Number, the width 10 and set 2 decimal places.

8. Highlight the Distance in Km and open the field calculator to calculate the distance in Km from the distance field km.

9. [Distance]/1000 and click OK.

10. Stop editing by selecting the stop and verify the calculation.

11. Highlight the distance in meter and access Field Statistics you will observe the sum of the distance, which will be the total length of the pipeline needed.

12. Each meter is equal to U.S $ 10. You can find the cost of the pipeline.

IV-7 Create Protection Zone Around the Pipeline

The final map could be enhanced, by adding a graphic buffer around the pipeline. ESRI has provided a sample extension to buffer selected theme. In our case we would like to see the buffer around the pipeline.

1. Make sure that the buffer script is within your study area. From the project window select properties and check if C:\GIS-tng is specified.

2. Change to the project window and open the extension dialog box. Click on the sample buffer. This will add new button to the view.

3. Make the pipeline the active theme. Click on the buffer button, make the buffer 5 Km.

4. You could change the buffer symbology by selecting the buffer graphic and open the symbol palete.

5. If you plan to close and reopen this project, you will need to install the SetSampleExtPath script as the start up in the project properties.

V Fourth day

V-1 Attach image to a map in ArcView

V-1.1 Scenario 4: Create Map to Show the Potential Hazard in the UAE

You are working for the Ministry of Environment and you are asked by your superior to prepare a map showing the potential hazard sites for environment. Your duty is to go to the field and take photographs of each site. At your office scan the pictures and save them as “tiff or jpeg” in one of your directories. Use ArcView GIS to attach these images to your map of the study area.

In this exercise we will display an image of Ottawa, the capital of Canada, and attach to it ten scanned images representing tourist locations.

In order to accomplish this assignment you need to:

1. Display an image (Ot-bridg.tif) on the view that you want to attach the scanned pictures to it.

2. Create a point shapefile and call it “image.shp”. Access the View menu, new theme, point and call it image.shp and store it in C:\GIS-tng\data\shape

3. Add a new column to the attribute table of the image.shp and name it “Image” Edit the image column by adding Picture1 up to Picture10.

4. Import a data file called picture.dbf from C:\GIS-tng\data\dbf. The table has one column called “image” which contains the name of the picture. It also has another column called “Location” indicated the location of the scanned images.

5. Join the two files together, the picture.dbf and the attribute table of the image.shp, by highlighting their common name column “image” and then click the button “join” (the picture.dbf is joined to attribute table of the image.shp).

6. Access the Theme menu/ properties to make the image workable in ArcView.

7. From the Theme menu, select Properties to open the Theme Properties dialog box. Click on the “Hot Link” icon (along the left margin) to display the hot property options.

8. In the field drop-down list, choose “Location”. This specifies the field in the theme table that contains the name of the view to Hot Link. In the Predefined Action drop-down list, chose “Link to Image File”. A script (program) with the instruction ArcView needs to open the view is automatically selected.

9. Click Ok to set the Hot Link properties.

10. Click on the Hot Link tool. The cursor changes to a lightning bolt as you move it over the view. Place the lightning bolt on one of the points. The scanned photograph will be displayed.

V-2 Spatial analysis of data
We will focus on the following:

1. Analyze features based on where they’re located

2. Theme-on-theme selection to find features that are nearby, adjacent to, inside, or intersecting other features in the same theme or in different theme.

V-2.1 Finding features nearby:

Map analysis requires some time to know which features are within a certain distance of other features or are adjacent to other features.

V-2.1.1 Finding the nearest Water Reservoir to the Main Water Lines:

V-2.1.2 Scenario 5: Find Best Location to Build Water Reservoir

In Abu Dhabi the demand for water supply in summer increases dramatically, and the need to increase the quantity of water per capita is the only solution to attract business and tourists. The city has four small size water reservoirs and they are scattered throughout the city. The Municipality of Abu Dhabi decided to replace one of the old water reservoirs for a bigger one. The Municipality of Abu Dhabi hired you to do the job using ArcView.

There are four potential locations and one of the requirements is that the new reservoir should be within short distance from Al Khawarizmi Road. Below Al Khawarizmi Road is the main water supply pipeline that carries the fresh treated water to the whole city from the main Abu Dhabi desalination station.

Description:

Using ArcView’s theme on theme selection, you can find out which potential stations meet your criteria.

Start ArcView and open the project reservoir. The view data contains hypothetical data from Abu Dhabi. When the project opens, you see a view with two themes: a line theme Road.shp, and a point theme Reservoir.shp.

1. Make the Road.shp theme active.

2. Change the Projection (View menu/properties) Map Unit (meters), Distance Units Km, Projection, Projection of the world and keep the geographic coordinate of the world.

3. Open the attribute table of the Road.shp.

4. Highlight Al Khawarizmi road, which run east-west between Gulf road and Al Fujaireh highway

5. The Reservoir.shp theme is the target theme, and we will find the station Reservoirs that located within 300 meter of the Al Khawarizmi road. (Road.shp theme is the selector theme).

6. Make the Reservoir.shp theme active

7. From the Theme menu, choose “Select By Theme”. The Select By Theme

Dialog Box displays. ArcView supports these types of spatial relationships: (1) Are Completely within, (2) Completely Contain, (3) Have their Center In, (4) Contain the Center of, (5) Intersect, and Are Within Distance of.

8. Choose first the Road.shp from the lower drop down list, unless it’s already selected.

9. Then choose “Are Within Distance of” from the upper drop-down list.

10. Type 0.3 Km as the selection distance.

11. Click new set. ArcView finds two Reservoir stations within 0.3 Km of Al Khawarizmi Road.

12. Two stations were selected; Dubai and Radi stations.

V-2.2 Finding Water Reservoir Closest to the Populated Area

V-2.2.1 Scenario 6: Choose the Water Reservoir Station Based on Populated Area

Now you know that there are two water reservoirs, Dubai and Radi which are within 300 meters of Al Khawarizmi road. Both of them are close to the main fresh water pipeline running below the Al Khawarizmi road. You’d like to choose the potential reservoir, which is closer to more populated areas.

Description:

1. Make the window project active. Click on the Table, highlight a table called Residence.dbf and then on “Open”.

2. When the table is open you see two fields Long and Lat. You will use the location coordinates in these fields to create a new theme of point features.

3. Make the View active and choose Add Event Theme from the View menu. The Add Event Theme dialog box displays.

4. Select Residence.dbf table, the Xfield and Yfield will be chosen automatically. In this case the X field is Long and the Y field is Lat

5. Click OK to create a new theme from the Long and Lat coordinates in the Residence.dbf table. The new theme, residence, appears in the View’s Table of contents.

6. Click on check box in front of the theme name to turn it on. ArcView draws the view with the new theme.

7. Make the Reservoir.shp theme active, open the attribute table of the Reservoir.shp and click on Dubai Station to highlight it. (If you don’t see it zoom in around the point)

8. Make the Residence.dbf theme active to make it the target theme and select from the theme menu “Select By Theme”

9. Select Reservoir from the lower drop down list to make it the selector theme.

10. From upper drop down list select “Are Within Distance of “ 1.5 Km.

11. Click New set ArcView.

12. Click the Open Theme Table button to open the attribute table of the Residence.dbf.

13. Click the Promote button to move the selected records to the top of the table.

14. Highlight the field No_of_peo and access the Field menu and click statistics.

15. The statistics for the number of people field shows that there is 9 residences with 1.5 Km and there are 285 people living in them.

16. Repeat step two to ten but highlight Radi station instead of Dubai Station.

17. Check how many Residences are within 1.5 Km (The result is 31 residences, and 3365 people occupying them.

18. Now decide on your potential location.